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ซึ่ง and ที่

Thai words and their origins

Moderator: daฟาน

ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby hhrh » Thu Jan 12, 2012 10:29 pm

So they're exactly the same right? You can just use either at your own leisure for the same meaning?
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby David and Bui » Thu Jan 12, 2012 10:42 pm

Here is an answer from a linguistic perspective. Iwasaki and Ingkaphirom ("A Reference Grammar of Thai", Cambridge University Press, 2005, page 246 - 247) discuss the three subordinate clause markers, ที่, ซึ่ง, and อัน:

"Of the three subordinate clause markers, อัน is used solely in literary style.

* * *

It has been observed that while ที่ appears in a variety of styles of discourse, ซึ่ง appears in more formal speech and writing. This distributional difference is a result of the functions of the two markers. The primary function of ที่ is to identify the head noun, or to specify a referent by separating it from other similar referents. The head noun tends to be a concrete noun. This is similar to the function of the 'restrictive relative clause' in English."

* * *

"In contrast to the discriminating function of ที่, the primary function of ซึ่ง is to 'add information' to a concept that has just been introduced. The newly introduced concept could be a concrete concept, but more often than not it is an abstract concept or a whole idea that has been recently brought into discourse."

Interesting distinction, no?
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby hhrh » Thu Jan 12, 2012 10:57 pm

so it's just more formal? Lol I'm not very perceptive, honestly!
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby pensive » Fri Jan 13, 2012 2:26 am

No, I think they are quite different. I mean, you cannot take a sentence containing one of these words and replace it with the other word. I think the similarity is merely superficial. 'Ti' seems pretty straightforward, but I have no idea how to use (or interpret) 'sueng'.
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby Tgeezer » Fri Jan 13, 2012 4:42 am

hhrh wrote:so it's just more formal? Lol I'm not very perceptive, honestly!

I think that David's answer shows that if you don't know the jargon of linguists there is no difference.
We had this discussion years ago where I quoted from my Grammar book about garages adjoining a house. The fact that it needs to be explained, when the definition of the two words is identical in the RID shows that it is probably a fashion thing.
All languages change back and forth, numbers of people > amounts of people, the dog which is clean >the dog who is clean,etc.
If the sentences after > don't grate on you then I wouldn't worry about ที่ ซึ้ง.
Coincidentally this ( ไวยากรณ์ไทย โดย นววรรณ พันธุเมธาหน้า๒๑๖ ) was my sleep inducing read last evening.
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby pensive » Fri Jan 13, 2012 8:21 am

Well, OK, but there is a difference between a dictionary and a grammar book. They may be the same in a dictionary but different in grammar. Like the discussion about utsa, the RID said all three versions are the same, but Nan said you use them differently. I don't think the RID offers much for those of us trying to learn the language.

But try this. Take a sentence with 'ti' in it, replace the 'ti' with 'sueng' and post it here, asking if it makes sense or should be rewritten. If all posters think it is a good sentence then I will never again comment on this topic.
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby Pirin » Fri Jan 13, 2012 9:29 am

David and Bui wrote:
* * *

It has been observed that while ที่ appears in a variety of styles of discourse, ซึ่ง appears in more formal speech and writing. This distributional difference is a result of the functions of the two markers. The primary function of ที่ is to identify the head noun, or to specify a referent by separating it from other similar referents. The head noun tends to be a concrete noun. This is similar to the function of the 'restrictive relative clause' in English."

* * *

"In contrast to the discriminating function of ที่, the primary function of ซึ่ง is to 'add information' to a concept that has just been introduced. The newly introduced concept could be a concrete concept, but more often than not it is an abstract concept or a whole idea that has been recently brought into discourse."


For example,
....
ที่มาของกฎหมาย หรือมูลเหตุที่ทำให้เกิดกฎหมาย การที่มนุษย์มารวมกลุ่มกันไม่ว่าจะเป็นกลุ่มเล็กหรือใหญ่ก็ตาม ในสังคมกลุ่มนั้นๆ ย่อมจะต้องมีปัญหาขัดแย้งกันขึ้นในบางเรื่อง หรือหลายเรื่อง สังคมจึงต้องกำหนดกฎเกณฑ์เพื่อให้กลุ่มคนในสังคมยึดถือปฏิบัติในแนวเดียวกัน ถ้าบุคคลใดบุคคลหนึ่ง หรือกลุ่มบุคคลใดในสังคมไม่ประพฤติปฏิบัติตามกฎเกณฑ์ของสังคมนั้นๆ บุคคลนั้นย่อมจะถูกลงโทษตามกฎเกณฑ์ของสังคม กฎเกณฑ์ของสังคมจึงเป็นกฎหมายที่สังคมตั้งขึ้นเพื่อใช้บังคับกับบุคคลในสังคมแต่ละยุคแต่ละสมัย ซึ่งไม่เหมือนกันถ้าเราได้ศึกษาถึงประวัติความเป็นมาของกฎหมายก็จะพบมูลเหตุที่ทำให้เกิดกฎหมายหลายประการอาทิ เช่น
. ..
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby Tgeezer » Fri Jan 13, 2012 10:06 am

pensive wrote:I don't think the RID offers much for those of us trying to learn the language.

But try this. Take a sentence with 'ti' in it, replace the 'ti' with 'sueng' and post it here, asking if it makes sense or should be rewritten. If all posters think it is a good sentence then I will never again comment on this topic.

"I don't think the RID offers much for those of us trying to learn the language." There are more sources than just the RID which don't help, try this.

Here are two sentences from ไวยากรณ์ไทย .

ทูตไชยาซึ่งรักธิดามาก เกรงธิดาจะเสียใจ
ทูตไชยาที่รักธิดามาก เกรงธิดาจะเสียใจ

To me those two are exactly the same, they both seem to be two sentences joined by a ประพันธสรรพนาม*(edited for spelling) placed after the noun it represents. But in ทูตไชยาที่รักธิดามาก เกรงธิดาจะเสียใจ ที่ makes a difference apparently.

หมายความว่า ทูตไชยามีหลายคน คนที่รักธิดามากเป็นคนที่เกรงูธิดาจะเสียใจ

ประโยคที่ ๒ แม้ว่าจะไม่ผิดไวยากรณ์ แต่ก็คงไม่มีที่ใช้บ่อยนัก
Even though not grammatically incorrect it is not used often.

Since ทูตไชยา is a title and proper noun what else can ซึ่ง ที่ represent?
That the writer doesn't call ที่ ซึ่ง pronouns but joining words must change the meaning. However there is no definition or explanation of ที่ or ซึ่ง, just statements without support from any source, especially the RID.

I have been reading this book for hours over four or more years and would love to understand it but am not holding my breath.
Last edited by Tgeezer on Fri Jan 13, 2012 3:10 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby Tgeezer » Fri Jan 13, 2012 10:54 am

Pirin wrote:....
ที่มาของกฎหมาย หรือมูลเหตุที่ทำให้เกิดกฎหมาย การที่มนุษย์มารวมกลุ่มกันไม่ว่าจะเป็นกลุ่มเล็กหรือใหญ่ก็ตาม ในสังคมกลุ่มนั้นๆ ย่อมจะต้องมีปัญหาขัดแย้งกันขึ้นในบางเรื่อง หรือหลายเรื่อง สังคมจึงต้องกำหนดกฎเกณฑ์เพื่อให้กลุ่มคนในสังคมยึดถือปฏิบัติในแนวเดียวกัน ถ้าบุคคลใดบุคคลหนึ่ง หรือกลุ่มบุคคลใดในสังคมไม่ประพฤติปฏิบัติตามกฎเกณฑ์ของสังคมนั้นๆ บุคคลนั้นย่อมจะถูกลงโทษตามกฎเกณฑ์ของสังคม กฎเกณฑ์ของสังคมจึงเป็นกฎหมายที่สังคมตั้งขึ้นเพื่อใช้บังคับกับบุคคลในสังคมแต่ละยุคแต่ละสมัยซึ่งไม่เหมือนกันถ้าเราได้ศึกษาถึงประวัติความเป็นมาของกฎหมายก็จะพบมูลเหตุที่ทำให้เกิดกฎหมายหลายประการอาทิ เช่น
. ..

Doesn't the English 'which' fit the context perfectly for both ที่ ซึ่ง?
Since these two (or three อัน is not covered yet) words have taken on a life of their own, do we need another English word for translation? :P
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Re: ซึ่ง and ที่

Postby David and Bui » Fri Jan 13, 2012 10:59 am

Brilliant, Tgeezer! Thanks for referring us to Ajarn Nawawan's wonderful text, "Thai Grammar", on this issue. From what you wrote, it seems to me that both Nawawan and I&I are saying the same thing about the strict usage of ที่ and ซึ่ง.

First some background on the difference between relative pronouns (สรรพนามประพันธ์) in restrictive vs non-restrictive clauses in English (and apparently in Thai). The following is from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/645/01/ :

"The most common relative pronouns are who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that, and which. (Please note that in certain situations, "what," "when," and "where" can function as relative pronouns.) Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or idea in the main clause. The word, phrase, or idea modified is called the antecedent. In the following examples, that and whom modify the subject:

The house that Jack built is large.

The professor, whom I respect, recently received tenure. The type of clause determines what kind of relative pronoun to use. Generally, there are two types of relative clauses: restrictive (defining) clause and non-restrictive (non-defining) clause. In both types of clauses, the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive pronoun ("whose").

Relative pronouns that introduce a restrictive relative clause ARE NOT separated from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and cannot be omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence does not make sense."

Both sources are saying that, if the speaker is in fact really trying to distinguish between the use of the two relative pronouns, ที่ is used to introduce a restrictive clause, whereas ซึ่ is used in a non-restrictive or informational sense. Thus,

หมายความว่า ทูตไชยามีหลายคน คนที่รักธิดามากเป็นคนที่เกรงูธิดาจะเสียใจ
"The explanation is that: 'There are a number of Thootchayas; however, the one who loves Thida very much is the one who is concerned about her emotional state.' "
Thus, ที่ is used in this sentence in a restrictive function.

On the other hand, one must conclude that "ทูตไชยาซึ่งรักธิดามาก เกรงธิดาจะเสียใจ" must be using the non-restrictive relative pronoun by way of explanation:
"Thootchaya, who loves Thida very much, is concerned about her emotional state."

Note the use of the separating commas which Thais would use if it were a feature of their language.

I also think that both of our sources are saying that while this distinction is a real feature of Thai, it is not often used in practice.

What do you think?
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