thai-language.comInternet resource
for the Thai language
Lookup:

» more options here
F.A.Q.Check out the list of frequently asked questions for a quick answer to your inquiry!
•  e-mail the author
•  control panel
•  go to guestbook
•  guestbook archive
•  site news
•  site kudos
Browse
¡¢£¤¥
¦§¨©ª
«¬­®¯
°±²³´
µ·¸¹
º»¼½¾
¿ÀÁÂÃ
ÄÅÇÈÉ
ÊËÌÍÎ
Thanks for your
recent donations!

Jun 2, 2008:
Very many thanks to a
generous benefactor
for a major donation
Narisa N. $20
Dennis F. $10
Anderson K. H. $10
John Karl L. $50
Gavin K. $30
Sirintip M. $10
Anderson H. $10
David B. $10
William S. $10
Otto Y. $2
Philippe B. $30
Edna T. $10
William O. $70!
Dinh T. $10
E. Paulson $15
Daryl L. $5
Jeffrey W. $25
Simon W. $10
Norman H. $5
Get e-mail
Sign-up to join our mailing list. You'll receive email notification when this site is updated. Your privacy is guaranteed; this list is not sold, shared, or used for any other purpose. Click here for more information.

To unsubscribe, click here

Search Now:
In Association with Amazon.com
WelcomeLessonsDictionaryCategoriesReferenceMessage BoardsLinks and Frequently Asked QuestionsOnline Store

¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì

khahmM khoonM sap[t]L
pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thai¤Ó-¤Ø¹-ÊѺ
IPAkʰɑm kʰun sàp
Royal Thai General Systemkham khun sap

 [noun]
definition
[grammar] an adjective

classifier¤Ó khahmM[numerical classifier for a word, an answer to a question, a spoonful of food]
categories
components¤Ó khahmMword; term; discourse
¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìkhoonM sap[t]L[grammar] adjective
examples
¡ÒÃÇÒ§µÓá˹觤ӤسÈѾ·ì㹤ӷѺÈѾ·ì ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé
gaanM waangM dtahmM naengL khahmM khoonM sap[t]L naiM khahmM thapH sap[t]L haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH
In determining the adjective order for transcribed words, the following rules apply:
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìà¡ÕèÂǡѺª¹ªÒµÔµèÒ§ æ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹ª×èÍ»ÃÐà·È àªè¹
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L giaaoL gapL chohnM chaatF dtaangL dtaangL haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM theeF bpenM cheuuF bpraL thaehtF chehnF
Adjectives which describe specific nationalities should be transcribed following the transcription of the noun which is used for the name of the country, for example:
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â ËÃ×Íà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì áµèä´éãªéã¹ÀÒÉÒä·ÂÁÒ¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·ÂáÅéÇ ãËéÇÒ§¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìäÇéËÅѧ¤Ó¹ÒÁ àªè¹
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM naamM theeF bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM reuuR bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L dtaaeL daiF chaiH naiM phaaM saaR thaiM maaM johnM theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM laaeoH haiF waangM khahmM khoonM sap[t]L waiH langR khahmM naamM chehnF
If an adjective is combined with a native Thai noun or a transcribed word which has a long history of usage and this is treated as a native Thai word, the adjective should be placed behind the noun (as in standard Thai grammar conventions).
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡¤Ó¹ÒÁ «Öè§ÁջѭËÒÇèҨзѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁËÃ×ͤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL khahmM naamM seungF meeM bpanM haaR waaF jaL thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM reuuR khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH
For adjectives derived from nouns which present difficulty as to whether they should be transcribed as nouns or adjectives, one should use the following rules:
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡ª×èͺؤ¤Å ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÒÁª×èͧ͢ºØ¤¤Å¹Ñé¹ æ â´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ ¢Í§ Ẻ Ãкº ÏÅÏ áÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ àªè¹
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL cheuuF bookL khohnM haiF thapH sap[t]L dtaamM cheuuF khaawngR bookL khohnM nanH nanH dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL khaawngR baaepL raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF
Adjectives which are derived from person’s names should be transcribed following the transcription of the person’s name (not the adjectival form) through the use of the a connecting words ¢Í§  Ẻ  Ãкº  etc. depending on the particular meaning, for example:
¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂÇèÒ "à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñº" ËÃ×Í "à¡ÕèÂÇà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ àªÔ§ Ẻ ÍÂèÒ§ ·Ò§ ª¹Ô´ Ãкº ÏÅÏ áÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ àªè¹
thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR waaF giaaoL khaawngF gapL reuuR giaaoL neuuangF jaakL khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL cheerngM baaepL yaangL thaangM chaH nitH raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF
If the adjective has the meaning of "concerning, involving" or "connected, related to" the noun should be transcribed in the noun form using a compound word (a combined Thai and English word) and the Thai connectors, àªÔ§  Ẻ  ÍÂèÒ§  ·Ò§  ª¹Ô´  Ãкº  and the like, depending on the particular meaning, for example:
¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂàËÁ×͹¤Ó¹ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ "à»ç¹¢Í§" ËÃ×Í "à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁ àªè¹
thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR meuuanR khahmM naamM reuuR maayR khwaamM waaF bpenM khaawngR reuuR bpenM reuuangF khaawngR khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM chehnF
If the adjective has the same meaning as the associated noun, or carries the meaning of “is an element of” or “is about” the noun, the adjective should be transcribed in the same form as the noun, for example:
¶éÒµéͧ¡ÒÃà¹é¹ÇèÒ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹à»ç¹ÊÔè§·ÕèÁÕËÅÒª¹Ô´áÅФӤسÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺà»ç¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Ö觢ͧ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¨·ÑºÈѾ·ìâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ Ẻ ª¹Ô´ Ãкº ÏÅÏ ÁÒá·Ã¡äÇéÃÐËÇèÒ§¤Ó¹ÒÁ¡Ñº¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
thaaF dtaawngF gaanM nehnH waaF khahmM naamM nanH bpenM singL theeF meeM laayR chaH nitH laeH khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL bpenM chaH nitH neungL khaawngR khahmM naamM nanH aatL thapH sap[t]L dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL baaepL chaH nitH raH bohpL maaM saaekF waiH raH waangL khahmM naamM gapL khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF
If one wishes to emphasize the fact that a particular noun is one of many elements in a series and the adjective associated with that noun is one of those elements, one may transcribe using a Thai combining word such as Ẻ  (model) ª¹Ô´  (kind or type) Ãкº  (method or system), such as:
¶éÒ·Ñ駤ӤسÈѾ·ìáÅФӹÒÁà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì·ÕèÂѧäÁè¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·Â ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÃ§µÒÁÈѾ·ìà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF thangH khahmM khoonM sap[t]L laeH khahmM naamM bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L theeF yangM maiF theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM haiF thapH sap[t]L dtrohngM dtaamM sap[t]L deermM chehnF
If both the adjective and the related noun are transcribed words neither of which are considered Thai words, they should be transcribed in the order of the original English words, for example:
㹡óշÕè¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁµÒÁ¢éÍ ñð.ñ áÅТéÍ ñð.ò ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¡ӡÇÁËÃ×ͤÅÒ´à¤Å×è͹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
naiM gaL raH neeM theeF gaanM thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dtaamM khaawF sipL neungL laeH khaawF sipL saawngR thahmM haiF geertL khwaamM maayR gahmM guaamM reuuR khlaatF khleuuanF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF
In cases in which transcriptions involving nouns under rules 10.1 and 10.2 above create meanings which are ambiguous or incorrect, the words should be changed to be stated in the adjectival form, for example:
¡àÇé¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õè¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡ª×èͺؤ¤Å à»ç¹ª×èÍ੾ÒзÕèà»ç¹·ÕèÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñ¹·ÑèÇä»ã¹áµèÅÐǧ¡Òà «Öè§ÍÒ¨Êѧࡵä´é¨Ò¡¡Ò÷Õèã¹ ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉäÁèä´éãªéÍÑ¡ÉõÑÇãË­è¢Öé¹µé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
yohkH wehnH naiM gaL raH neeM theeF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL cheuuF bookL khohnM bpenM cheuuF chaL phawH theeF bpenM theeF ruuH jakL ganM thuaaF bpaiM naiM dtaaeL laH wohngM gaanM seungF aatL sangR gaehtL daiF jaakL gaanM theeF naiM phaaM saaR angM gritL maiF daiF chaiH akL saawnR dtuaaM yaiL kheunF dtohnF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF
An exception exists where an adjective which was derived from the name of a specific person is a proper name but is commonly and generally known in circles in which it is used. One may discern these words by the fact that such words are not capitalized in English. These words should take the form of an ordinary adjective.

click here to submit a correction, drawing, image, audio recording, or comment for this page

click here to e-mail this page to a friend

page cached 7/9/2008 12:44:17 AM   online source for this page


Copyright © 2008 thai-language.com. Portions copyright © by original authors, rights reserved, used by permission; Portions 17 USC §107.