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ÈѾ·ì  sap[t]L
pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thai愼
IPAsàp
Royal Thai General Systemsap

 [noun]
definition
vocabulary; dictionary entry; terminology; word(s)

examples
¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìãËé¶Í´ÍÑ¡ÉÃã¹ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁ¾Í¤ÇÃá¡è¡ÒÃáÊ´§·ÕèÁҢͧÃÙ»ÈѾ·ì áÅÐãËéà¢Õ¹ã¹ÃÙ»·ÕèÍèÒ¹ä´éÊдǡã¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â
gaanM thapH sap[t]L haiF thaawtL akL saawnR naiM phaaM saaR deermM phaawM khuaanM gaaeL gaanM saL daaengM theeF maaM khaawngR ruupF sap[t]L laeH haiF khiianR naiM ruupF theeF aanL daiF saL duaakL naiM phaaM saaR thaiM
The original English word should be transcribed in a such a manner as to indicate the original form of the word as well as to allow the word to be written in a manner so that it might be easily read in Thai script.
¤ÓÈѾ·ìkhahmM sap[t]Lvocabulary; term; word
¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìkhoonM sap[t]L[grammar] adjective
áµè¶éÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁãËéà¡çºäÇé·Ñé§ ò µÑÇ â´ÂãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇé·ÕèµÑÇ·éÒ àªè¹
dtaaeL thaaF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM haiF gepL waiH thangH saawngR dtuaaM dooyM saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH theeF dtuaaM thaayH chehnF
However, if such word is a technical term or is a proper noun, the double letters are retained and a silencer is placed over the second letter, for example:
¶éÒ·Ñ駤ӤسÈѾ·ìáÅФӹÒÁà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì·ÕèÂѧäÁè¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·Â ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÃ§µÒÁÈѾ·ìà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF thangH khahmM khoonM sap[t]L laeH khahmM naamM bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L theeF yangM maiF theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM haiF thapH sap[t]L dtrohngM dtaamM sap[t]L deermM chehnF
If both the adjective and the related noun are transcribed words neither of which are considered Thai words, they should be transcribed in the order of the original English words, for example:
¶éÒ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹ÍÂÙè¡ÅÒ§ÈѾ·ìãËé¶×ÍÇèÒ ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹µÑÇááà»ç¹µÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒ áÅоÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹µÑÇËÅѧà»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» ©Ð¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃãªé¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´áÅоÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹ ¨ÐµèÒ§¡Ñ¹µÒÁËÅѡࡳ±ì¡ÒÃà·Õº¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðã¹µÒÃÒ§¢éÒ§·éÒ àªè¹
thaaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH yuuL glaangM sap[t]L haiF theuuR waaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM raaekF bpenM dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF laeH phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM langR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chaL nanH gaanM chaiH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL laeH phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF jaL dtaangL ganM dtaamM lakL gaehn[t]M gaanM thiiapF phaH yanM chaH naH naiM dtaaM raangM khaangF thaayH chehnF
If the double letters occur in the middle of the word, the rules are: the first letter of the double is the last consonant of the prior syllable and the second consonant is the initial of the next syllable. Therefore, the expression of the first and second letters of the double will differ according to the rules set forth in the Consonant Table, for example:
¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹àÊÕ§ÊÃÐÍÐ «Öè§àÁ×èͷѺÈѾ·ìµéͧãªéÃÙ»äÁéËѹÍÒ¡ÒÈ ãËé«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà¢éÒÍÕ¡µÑÇ˹Öè§à¾×èÍà»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» àªè¹
thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM siiangR saL raL aL seungF meuuaF thapH sap[t]L dtaawngF chaiH ruupF maaiH hanR aaM gaatL haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF khaoF eekL dtuaaM neungL pheuuaF bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chehnF
If the vowel associated with the first syllable is an /-a-/ sound which uses the "stick turning in air" vowel in the transcription, one should double the transcribed consonant for use again as the initial consonant in the subsequent syllable, for example:
·ÑºÈѾ·ìthapH sap[t]La (phonemically) transcribed word
¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìgaanM thapH sap[t]L(phonemic) transcription; the process of rendering the spoken word sounds of one language into the written representation of another
·ÑºÈѾ·ìthapH sap[t]Lto (phonemically) transcribe a word from one language into the written representation of another
â·ÃÈѾ·ì thohM raH sap[t]Ltelephone; telephone call; telephone switchboard
â·ÃÈѾ·ìthohM raH sap[t]Lto call on the telephone; to place a call; to phone; to telephone
¡ÒÃâ·ÃÈѾ·ìgaanM thohM sap[t]L[the activity of] telephoning
ºÑ­­ÑµÔÈѾ·ìbanM yatH sap[t]Lto officially coin a new word
¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹ ¤Ó·ÕèÁÕ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹à»ç¹µÑÇÊС´ ¶éÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·ÑèÇä»ãËéµÑ´ÍÍ¡µÑÇ˹Öè§ àªè¹
phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH khahmM theeF meeM phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH bpenM dtuaaM saL gohtL thaaF bpenM sap[t]L thuaaF bpaiM haiF dtatL aawkL dtuaaM neungL chehnF
Double-letters: For English words which have double letters as finals, if such word is a common noun, one of the double letters is removed, for example:
¡àÇé¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õèà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁ àªè¹
yohkH wehnH naiM gaL raH neeM theeF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM chehnF
There is an exception for technical terms and proper names, for example:
ÃÒªÒÈѾ·ìraaM chaaM sap[t]Lroyal vocabulary; court language; royal language
ÈѾ·ì੾ÒÐsap[t]L chaL phawHacademic word or term; field word or term; specific word or term
ÈѾ·ìºÑ­­ÑµÔsap[t]L banM yatHcoinage: foreign words or terminology translated and coined into Thai and approved for official use by ÃÒªºÑ³±ÔµÂʶҹ (the Royal Institute)
ÈѾ·ìºÑ­­ÑµÔ¡Ãsap[t]L banM yatH gaawnMa coiner of words; a person who makes new words; a wordsmith
ÈѾ·ìÇÔªÒ¡ÒëÖè§ãªé੾ÒÐ¡ÅØèÁ äÁèãªèÈѾ·ì·ÑèÇä» ÍÒ¨à¾ÔèÁàµÔÁËÅѡࡳ±ì¢Öé¹µÒÁ¤ÇÒÁ¨Óà»ç¹
sap[t]L wiH chaaM gaanM seungF chaiH chaL phawH gloomL maiF chaiF sap[t]L thuaaF bpaiM aatL pheermF dteermM lakL gaehn[t]M kheunF dtaamM khwaamM jahmM bpenM
These rules may be supplemented as necessary for technical words which are used by specific communities and which are not words in general usage.
ÈѾ·ìËÁÇ´sap[t]L muaatLglossary
ÈѾ·ìËÃ×ÍÀÒÉÒ·Õè¹ØèÁ¹ÇÅËÙ
sap[t]L reuuR phaaM saaR theeF noomF nuaanM huuR
[grammar] euphemism [see notes]
sample
sentences
¡Òúѭ­ÑµÔÈѾ·ìËÃ×Í¡ÒÃÁÕ¤ÓãËÁèÁÕºèÍà¡Ô´ËÅÒ·ҧ...
gaanM banM yatH sap[t]L reuuR gaanM meeM khahmM maiL meeM baawL geertL laayR thaangM
There are many sources and paths for developing new words. [...]
¶éÒàÃҺѭ­ÑµÔÈѾ·ìÍÐäÃ æ ¢Öé¹ÁÒ ¡ç¨Ð¢ÍãËé»ÃЪҪ¹·Ñé§»ÃÐà·Èà»ç¹¼Ùé·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ã¹´éÒ¹ÀÒÉÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ìºÑ­­ÑµÔ¡Ã¡Ñ¹·Ñ駪ҵÔËÃ×Íà»ç¹ÇÔ·ÂҡüÙé·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé·Ñ駪ҵԡçäÁèä´é
thaaF raoM banM yatH sap[t]L aL raiM aL raiM kheunF maaM gawF jaL khaawR haiF bpraL chaaM chohnM thangH bpraL thaehtF bpenM phuuF theeF meeM khwaamM khitH naiM daanF phaaM saaR bpenM sap[t]L banM yatH gaawnM ganM thangH chaatF reuuR bpenM witH thaH yaaM gaawnM phuuF theeF meeM khwaamM ruuH thangH chaatF gawF maiF daiF
If we do create new words, we cannot ask that everyone in the country be thoughtful about language and serve as wordsmiths and as language experts.
·Ò§·Õè´ÕàÃҺѭ­ÑµÔÈѾ·ìáÅéÇ¡çµéͧÅͧ´ÙÇèÒà¢Òà¢éÒã¨ËÃ×Íà»ÅèÒ
thaangM theeF deeM raoM banM yatH sap[t]L laaeoH gawF dtaawngF laawngM duuM waaF khaoR khaoF jaiM reuuR bplaaoL
The best path is that when new words are created, we have to see whether (the people) understand these words or not.
·èÒ¹·Ñé§ËÅÒ·Õèà»ç¹ÈѾ·ìºÑ­­ÑµÔ¡Ã¡çà»ç¹ºèÍà¡Ô´...
thanF thangH laayR theeF bpenM sap[t]L banM yatH gaawnM gawF bpenM baawL geertL
All of you who are wordsmiths are also sources. [...]
»ÃеԪ­ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»Ãк͡àÊÕ§ÃéͧàÃÕ¡áÅÐàÊÕ§¢Ò¹ÃѺ à¾×èÍáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁÊÅÐÊÅÇ¢ͧÀÒÉÒ áÅÐáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¡Ñ¹àͧÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ùé¾Ù´ àªè¹ ¨ëÒ ¢ÍÃѺ àÇé âÇé âÇ áÅкÃôҤӢÍÃѺ·Õè¡ÅèÒÇáÅéÇ㹤ÓÇÔàÈɳìÃÒªÒÈѾ·ì·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ (´Ù¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìÃÒªÒÈѾ·ì¢éҧ˹éÒ)
bpraL dtitL chaH yaaM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL baawkL siiangR raawngH riiakF laeH siiangR khaanR rapH pheuuaF saL daaengM khwaamM saL laL saL luayR khaawngR phaaM saaR laeH saL daaengM khwaamM bpenM ganM aehngM raH waangL phuuF phuutF chehnF jaaR khaawR rapH weeuyH wooyH wooyM laeH banM daaM khahmM khaawR rapH theeF glaaoL laaeoH naiM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L raaM chaaM sap[t]L thangH sinF duuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L raaM chaaM sap[t]L khaangF naaF
Affirmative Modifiers are modifiers which are expressions of calling out and requesting or of answering and response; these words show the melodiousness of the language. The use of these words also indicate that both the parties to the conversation have an informal or friendly relationship to each other. Words include the following: “jaa,” “khorap,” “woiy (high tone”), “wooy (high tone)” “wooy (mid tone)” as well as all the other response words included in the royal language modifiers (See the the list of royal language modifiers below.) [The text itself contains a separate section on royal language modifiers.] Sample sentences include:
»Ñ­ËÒ·ÕèÊÒÁ ¤×ͤÇÒÁÃèÓÃÇÂ㹤ӢͧÀÒÉÒä·Â «Ö觾ǡàÃÒ¹Ö¡ÇèÒäÁèÃèÓÃÇÂ¾Í ¨Ö§µéͧÁպѭ­ÑµÔÈѾ·ìãËÁèÁÒãªé...
bpanM haaR theeF saamR kheuuM khwaamM rahmF ruayM naiM khahmM khaawngR phaaM saaR thaiM seungF phuaakF raoM neukH waaF maiF rahmF ruayM phaawM jeungM dtaawngF meeM banM yatH sap[t]L maiL maaM chaiH
A third issue is the richness of our Thai vocabulary which some of us think is not rich enough. We therefore want to create new words to use. [...]
àÃÔèÁáµè¾Ù´à¢Õ¹â´Â¨ÃÔ§äÁèºÔ´àº×͹ ãªé¤ÓµÃ§ä»µÃ§ÁÒ ãªé¤Ó§èÒÂ æ ·ÕèÊÑ鹡ÃЪѺ ÁÕ¹éÓ˹ѡáÅЪѴਹâ´ÂäÁè´Ñ´¨ÃÔµãªéÈѾ·ìÊӹǹà¾×èÍâÍéÍÇ´¤ÇÒÁÃÙé
reermF dtaaeL phuutF khiianR dooyM jingM maiF bitL beuuanM chaiH khahmM dtrohngM bpaiM dtrohngM maaM chaiH khahmM ngaayF ngaayF theeF sanF graL chapH meeM nahmH nakL laeH chatH jaehnM dooyM maiF datL jaL ritL chaiH sap[t]L sahmR nuaanM pheuuaF ohF uaatL khwaamM ruuH
"(One must) begin by speaking and writing the truth without any distortion; using words which are straightforward; using easy words which are short and concise; (using words) which are both potent and clear but are not pretentious or unnatural; (one should not) use words and phrases only to show off one’s knowledge."

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