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¡ÃÔÂÒ  gaL riH yaaM
contents of this page
1.¡ÃÔÂÒgaL riH yaaM[grammar] a verb
2.¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒkhamM gaL riH yaaM[grammar] a verb
3.Í¡ÃÃÁ¡ÃÔÂÒaL gamM maH gaL riH yaaM[grammar] intransitive verb

pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thai¡Ð-ÃÔ-ÂÒ
IPAkàríʔjaː
Royal Thai General Systemkariya

1.   [noun]
definition
[grammar] a verb

notesMany people often mistake ¡ÃÔÂÒ (verb) for ¡ÔÃÔÂÒ  (action, conduct, behavior).
related word¡.[abbreviation for] ¡ÃÔÂÒ ; a verb
examples
¡ÃÔÂÒ·ÕèáºÅ§ÃÙ»ÁÒãªéà»ç¹¤Ó
gaL riH yaaM theeF baaeM lohngM ruupF maaM chaiH bpenM khamM
[grammar] [a participle formed from a verb by adding the prefix ¡Òà, corresponding to the English suffix] "-ing"; "-ed"
¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒÇÔàÈɳìkhamM gaL riH yaaM wiH saeht[n]L[grammar] an adverb
º·¡ÃÔÂÒbohtL gaL riH yaaM[grammar] the verb in a predicate phrase
º·¢ÂÒ¡ÃÔÂÒbohtL khaL yaayR gaL riH yaaM[grammar] verb modifier (adverb)
sample
sentences
¤ÓÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤӷÕè·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ, ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳì´éÇ¡ѹãËéä´é¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ÂÔè§¢Öé¹ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ àªè¹
khamM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM theeF thamM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM naamM khamM sapL phaH naamM khamM gaL riH yaaM laeH khamM wiH saeht[n]L duayF ganM haiF daiF khwaamM chatH jaehnM yingF kheunF dtuaaM yaangL chehnF
A “modifier” is a word which serves the role of associating with a noun, pronoun, verb, or other modifier in order to bring greater clarity to it. Some examples are:
ã¹»ÃÐ⤷Õè˹Öè§ ¡ÒÅÇÔàÈɳì»ÃСͺ¹ÒÁ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ò »ÃСͺÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ó »ÃСͺ¡ÃÔÂÒ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ô »ÃСͺÇÔàÈɳì
naiM bpraL yohkL theeF neungL gaanM wiH saeht[n]L bpraL gaawpL naamM bpraL yohkL theeF saawngR bpraL gaawpL sapL phaH naamM bpraL yohkL theeF saamR bpraL gaawpL gaL riH yaaM bpraL yohkL theeF seeL bpraL gaawpL wiH saeht[n]L
In the first sentence the time modifier is associated with a noun; in the second sentence it is associated with a pronoun; in the third sentence the modifier is associated with a verb; and, in the fourth, it is associated with another modifier.
»ÃеÔàɸÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁ»¯Ôàʸ ËÃ×ÍäÁèÂÍÁÃѺ àªè¹ äÁè, ÁÔ ãªè, äÁèãªè, º, ºè, ºèÁÔ, ºÃÒ§, Ä, Äå, ÁÔä´é, äÁèä´é, ËÒäÁè, ËÒ...äÁè, ËÒÁÔä´é, äÁè...ÁÔä´é, äÁè...ËÒÁÔä´é ¤Ó»ÃеÔàɸÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¨Ð»¯Ôàʸ·Õè¹ÒÁ ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ ¡ÃÔÂÒ ËÃ×Í ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¡çä´é
bpraL dtiL saehtL wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM bpaL dtiL saehtL reuuR maiF yaawmM rapH chehnF maiF miH chaiF maiF chaiF baawM baawL baawL miH bawL raangM reuuM miH daiF maiF daiF haaR maiF haaR maiF haaR miH daiF maiF miH daiF maiF haaR miH daiF khamM bpraL dtiL saehtL wiH saeht[n]L jaL bpaL dtiL saehtL theeF naamM sapL phaH naamM gaL riH yaaM reuuR wiH saeht[n]L gaawF daiF
“Negative modifiers” are modifying words which indicate refusal or unacceptability, for example, “not,” (etc.) [The meanings of the Thai words in the list are similar.] These negative modifiers can be associated with nouns, pronouns, verbs, or other modifiers.
à»ç¹»Ãиҹ¢Í§¡ÃÔÂÒ·ÕèµÒÁÁÒ¢éÒ§ËÅѧ (¤×Í »Ãиҹ¢Í§¤Ø³Ò¹Ø»ÃÐâ¤)
bpenM bpraL thaanM khaawngR gaL riH yaaM theeF dtaamM maaM khaangF langR kheuuM bpraL thaanM khaawngR khooH naaM nooH bpraL yohkF
[They] are the subject of the verb which follows (that is, the subject of the associated clause).
ËÁÒÂà赯 ¤ÓÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¹Í¡¨Ò¡·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¹ÒÁ ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ ¡ÃÔÂÒ ÇÔàÈɳì áÅéÇÂѧ·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹Í¡ÃÃÁ¡ÃÔÂÒä´é´éÇ àªè¹
maayR haehtL khamM wiH saeht[n]L naawkF jaakL thamM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL naamM sapL phaH naamM gaL riH yaaM wiH saeht[n]L laaeoH yangM thamM naaF theeF bpenM aL gamM maH gaL riH yaaM daiF duayF chehnF
Comment: A modifier, in addition to being associated with a noun or pronoun, verb or another modifier, may also serve as an intransitive verb as well, for example,
2. ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ   khamM gaL riH yaaM  [noun]
definition
[grammar] a verb

categories
sample
sentences
¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ ä´éá¡è¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì àªè¹
khamM gaL riH yaaM daiF gaaeL khamM gaL riH yaaM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L chehnF
Verbs: specifically, verbs which are combined with other types of words and perform the same function as modifiers, for example,
¤Ó¹ÒÁáÅФӡÃÔÂÒ·Õè¹ÓÁÒãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì â´ÂÁÒ¡à»ç¹ÅѡɳÇÔàÈɳì áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳìã´ æ ·Õè¨Ñ´à¢éÒ㹤ÓÇÔàÈɳ쪹ԴÍ×è¹ æ äÁèä´é µéͧ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹ÅѡɳÇÔàÈɳì·Ñé§ÊÔé¹
khamM naamM laeH khamM gaL riH yaaM theeF namM maaM chaiH bpenM khamM wiH saeht[n]L dooyM maakF bpenM lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L laeH khamM wiH saeht[n]L daiM daiM theeF jatL khaoF naiM khamM wiH saeht[n]L chaH nitH euunL euunL maiF daiF dtaawngF napH waaF bpenM lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L thangH sinF
Nouns and verbs which are used as modifiers are usually “characteristic modifiers” and any modifier which cannot be otherwise be classified will be considered to be a “characteristic modifier.”
»ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ
bpraL gaawpL khamM gaL riH yaaM
associating with and modifying verbs
»ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ ËÃ×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì
bpraL gaawpL khamM gaL riH yaaM reuuR khamM wiH saeht[n]L
[They] are joined with a verb or another modifier
»Ãоѹ¸ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒËÃ×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì à¾×èÍàª×èÍÁ»ÃÐâ¤ãËé
bpraL phanM thaH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM gaL riH yaaM reuuR khamM wiH saeht[n]L pheuuaF cheuuamF bpraL yohkL haiF
“Relative modifiers” are modifiers which are composed of verbs or other modifiers in order to connect clauses to produce cohesive paragraphs.
3. Í¡ÃÃÁ¡ÃÔÂÒ  aL gamM maH gaL riH yaaM  [noun]
definition
[grammar] intransitive verb

categories
sample
sentence
ËÁÒÂà赯 ¤ÓÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¹Í¡¨Ò¡·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¹ÒÁ ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ ¡ÃÔÂÒ ÇÔàÈɳì áÅéÇÂѧ·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹Í¡ÃÃÁ¡ÃÔÂÒä´é´éÇ àªè¹
maayR haehtL khamM wiH saeht[n]L naawkF jaakL thamM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL naamM sapL phaH naamM gaL riH yaaM wiH saeht[n]L laaeoH yangM thamM naaF theeF bpenM aL gamM maH gaL riH yaaM daiF duayF chehnF
Comment: A modifier, in addition to being associated with a noun or pronoun, verb or another modifier, may also serve as an intransitive verb as well, for example,

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