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à»ç¹  bpenM
contents of this page
1a.à»ç¹bpenMto be; <subject> is
1b.äÁèà»ç¹maiF bpenM<subject> is not
1c.ä´éà»ç¹daiF bpenM[past and perfect tenses] <subject> has been; <subject> was
1d.äÁèä´éà»ç¹maiF daiF bpenM<subject> wasn't
1e.¨Ðà»ç¹jaL bpenM<subject> will be
1f.µéͧà»ç¹dtaawngF bpenM<subject> has to be
1g.¨Ðµéͧà»ç¹jaL dtaawngF bpenM<subject> will have to be
1h.à¤Âà»ç¹kheeuyM bpenM<subject> has already been; <subject> has (ever) been
1i.¡ÓÅѧà»ç¹gahmM langM bpenM<subject> is (in the process of) being
1j.Âѧà»ç¹yangM bpenM<subject> still is
1k.¤§à»ç¹khohngM bpenM<subject> probably is
1l.¤§¨Ðà»ç¹khohngM jaL bpenM<subject> probably will be; <subject> may be; <subject> might be
1m.ÂèÍÁ¨Ðà»ç¹yaawmF jaL bpenM<subject> will surely be
1n.¤ÇÃà»ç¹khuaanM bpenM<subject> should be
1o.¤ÇèÐà»ç¹khuaanM jaL bpenM[future tense] <subject> ought to be
1p.·ÓãËéà»ç¹thahmM haiF bpenMto cause to be
2a.¡ÒÃà»ç¹gaanM bpenMexistence; state of; [a prefix corresponding to the English suffix] "-ship"
2b.¡ÒÃà»ç¹gaanM bpenM[present participle] being
2c.¹èÒ¨Ðà»ç¹naaF jaL bpenMhad better be
3.à»ç¹bpenMcan; to be able
4.à»ç¹bpenM[qualifying conjunction]
5a.à»ç¹bpenM[of a disease or medical condition] to be afflicted with
5b.à»ç¹bpenM(turn) into (something); so as to become
6.à»ç¹bpenMto live; to be alive
7.äÁèà»ç¹maiF bpenMcan not; can't; cannot

pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thaià»ç¹
IPApen
Royal Thai General Systempen

1a. common Thai word   [verb, transitive, intransitive, auxiliary verb]
definition
to be; <subject> is

categories
related words¤×Í kheuuMto be; as; namely; as follows; thus; as in; to wit; simply
ÍÂÙè yuuLis (located at); to reside; to live (at)
examples
¡ÃÔÂÒ·ÕèáºÅ§ÃÙ»ÁÒãªéà»ç¹¤Ó
gaL riH yaaM theeF baaeM lohngM ruupF maaM chaiH bpenM khahmM
[grammar] [a participle formed from a verb by adding the prefix ¡Òà, corresponding to the English suffix] "-ing"; "-ed"
¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹glaayM bpenMto become
¡êÒ«·Õèãªéà»ç¹àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§
gaasH theeF chaiH bpenM cheuuaH phleerngM
gas; fuel
¡êÒ«·Õèãªéà»ç¹ÂÒ´ÁãËéÊź
gaasH theeF chaiH bpenM yaaM dohmM haiF saL lohpL
chloroform — CHCl3; anesthetic gas
¡ÒÃà¤Âà»ç¹à¹×éͤÙè ËÃ×ÍÍÂÙèÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ÁÒ㹪ҵԻҧ¡è͹
gaanM kheeuyM bpenM neuuaH khuuF reuuR yuuL ruaamF ganM maaM naiM chaatF bpaangM gaawnL
See ºØ¾à¾Êѹ¹ÔÇÒÊ
¡ÒÃËéÒÁ»ÃЪҪ¹ÍÍ¡¹Í¡ºéÒ¹ã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒ·Õè¡Ó˹´ (ÁÑ¡à»ç¹àÇÅÒ¡ÅÒ§¤×¹)
gaanM haamF bpraL chaaM chohnM aawkL naawkF baanF naiM raH yaH waehM laaM theeF gahmM nohtL makH bpenM waehM laaM glaangM kheuunM
curfew
á¡êʪ¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ãªéà»ç¹ÂÒÊź
gaaetH chaH nitH neungL chaiH bpenM yaaM saL lohpL
[Thai description of] nitrous oxide; laughing gas
â¡Ã¸à»ç¹¿×¹à»ç¹ä¿grohtL bpenM feuunM bpenM faiMfurious
¢¹Á»Ñ§¡Ãͺà¤çÁ ·Óà»ç¹ÃÙ»à¡ÅÕÂÇ
khaL nohmR bpangM graawpL khemM thahmM bpenM ruupF gliaaoM
pretzel
¢ÂѹµÑÇà»ç¹à¡ÅÕÂÇËÑÇà»ç¹¹ç͵
khaL yanR dtuaaM bpenM gliaaoM huaaR bpenM nawtH
(physically) hardworking
¤´ÕËÁÔè¹»ÃÐÁÒ·ÁÕʶԵÔà¾ÔèÁÊÙ§¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡¼Ô´»¡µÔ à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¤¹ªÍº¤éÒ¤ÇÒÁ ¨¹à»ç¹ÀÒÃеèͺؤ¤ÅÒ¡Ã㹡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÂØµÔ¸ÃÃÁ
khaH deeM minL bpraL maatL meeM saL thiL dtiL pheermF suungR kheunF maakF phitL bpaL gaL dtiL phrawH meeM khohnM chaawpF khaaH khwaamM johnM bpenM phaaM raH dtaawL bookL khaH laaM gaawnM naiM graL buaanM gaanM yooH dtiL thamM
Statistics indicate that libel and slander lawsuits are becoming unusually more common because there are people who want to profit from lawsuits; (these suits) are now becoming a burden for personnel within the justice system.
¤¹·Õèà»ç¹à¡ÂìkhohnM theeF bpenM gaeh[y]M"a person who is gay" — [Thai definition of] gay or homosexual person
¤¹äÁè¡Ô¹§Ùà»ç¹ÍÒËÒÃáÅÐäÁèàÅÕé§ÁѹäÇéà»ç¹ÊѵÇìàÅÕé§
khohnM maiF ginM nguuM bpenM aaM haanR laeH maiF liiangH manM waiH bpenM sat[w]L liiangH
People neither eat snakes nor raise them as pets
¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹à¹×éÍà´ÕÂǡѹ
khwaamM bpenM neuuaH diaaoM ganM
solidarity
¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ¢Í§¡ÒÃà»ç¹¤¹ä´é¤ÇÒÁ
khwaamM sahmR khanM khaawngR gaanM bpenM khohnM daiF khwaamM
the importance of being earnest
¤èÍÂà»ç¹¤èÍÂä»khaawyF bpenM khaawyF bpaiMto proceed gradually
¤èÍÂà»ç¹¤èÍÂä»khaawyF bpenM khaawyF bpaiMall in due time; little by little; gradually; slow but sure
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìà¡ÕèÂǡѺª¹ªÒµÔµèÒ§ æ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹ª×èÍ»ÃÐà·È àªè¹
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L giaaoL gapL chohnM chaatF dtaangL dtaangL haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM theeF bpenM cheuuF bpraL thaehtF chehnF
Adjectives which describe specific nationalities should be transcribed following the transcription of the noun which is used for the name of the country, for example:
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â ËÃ×Íà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì áµèä´éãªéã¹ÀÒÉÒä·ÂÁÒ¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·ÂáÅéÇ ãËéÇÒ§¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìäÇéËÅѧ¤Ó¹ÒÁ àªè¹
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM naamM theeF bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM reuuR bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L dtaaeL daiF chaiH naiM phaaM saaR thaiM maaM johnM theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM laaeoH haiF waangM khahmM khoonM sap[t]L waiH langR khahmM naamM chehnF
If an adjective is combined with a native Thai noun or a transcribed word which has a long history of usage and this is treated as a native Thai word, the adjective should be placed behind the noun (as in standard Thai grammar conventions).
¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¹Ò¹¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â áÅлÃÒ¡¯ã¹¾¨¹Ò¹Ø¡ÃÁ©ºÑºÃÒªºÑ³±ÔµÂʶҹáÅéÇ ãËéãªé µèÍ仵ÒÁà´ÔÁ àªè¹ ªçÍ¡â¡àŵ ªçÍ¡â¡áŵ àªÔéµ ¡êÒ« á¡êÊ
khahmM thapH sap[t]L theeF chaiH ganM maaM naanM johnM theuuR bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM laeH bpraaM gohtL naiM phohtH jaL naaM nooH grohmM chaL bapL raatF chaH banM thitH dtaL yaH saL thaanR laaeoH haiF chaiH dtaawL bpaiM dtaamM deermM chehnF chawkH gohM laehtF chawkH gohM laaetF cheertH gaasH gaaetH
Some transcribed words have been used (by Thais) for so long that they are considered Thai words and are already included in the Royal Institute Dictionary of the Thai Language. These transcribed forms should continue to be utilized. Such words include the Thai words for “chocolate,” “shirt,” and “gas.”
¤Ó·ÕèµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒÍÍ¡àÊÕ§à»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµÑǵèÍä»´éÇ ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé
khahmM theeF dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF aawkL siiangR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtuaaM dtaawL bpaiM duayF haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH
In a word in which the final consonant of a syllable also serves to sound out of the subsequent syllable, the following rules apply:
§Ùà»ç¹ÊѵÇìàÅ×éͤÅÒ¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§
nguuM bpenM sat[w]L leuuayH khlaanM chaH nitH neungL
The snake is a type of reptile.
¨ÑºµÑÇà»ç¹ÅÔèÁjapL dtuaaM bpenM limF[of blood and other liquids] to coagulate or clot
¨Óà»ç¹jahmM bpenMnecessary; essential; required; to need to (do something)
¤ÇÒÁ¨Óà»ç¹khwaamM jahmM bpenMnecessity
¨Óà»ç¹µéͧjahmM bpenM dtaawngFmust; have to; need
¨Õ¹à¤Â·Óʧ¤ÃÒÁ¡ÑºÍÔ¹à´Õ ÍÔ¹à´ÕÂà»ç¹äÁéàº×èÍäÁéàÁҡѺ»Ò¡Õʶҹ »Ò¡Õʶҹà»ç¹ÁÔµÃã¡ÅéªÔ´¢Í§¨Õ¹
jeenM kheeuyM thahmM sohngR khraamM gapL inM diiaM inM diiaM bpenM maaiH beuuaL maaiH maoM gapL bpaaM geetL thaanR bpaaM geetL thaanR bpenM mit[r]H glaiF chitH khaawngR jeenM
"China fought a war with India; India is antagonistic toward Pakistan; Pakistan is a close ally of China."
à¨éÒ¹ÒÂà»ç¹¤¹µÃ§ ¶éÒÅÙ¡¹éͧ·Ó¼Ô´¡ç¨Ð¿Ñ¹·Ñ¹·Õ
jaoF naayM bpenM khohnM dtrohngM thaaF luukF naawngH thahmM phitL gawF jaL fanM thanM theeM
"My boss is very straightforward. If his employees make a mistake, he will deal with it immediately."
ᨧà»ç¹ÃÒ¡Òàæ ä»
jaaengM bpenM raayM gaanM raayM gaanM bpaiM
to itemize
ᨧà»ç¹ÃÒ¡ÒÃÂèÍÂjaaengM bpenM raayM gaanM yaawyFto itemize
䩹¨Ö§à»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹chaL naiR jeungM bpenM chehnF nanH"How so?"
ªÕéà»ç¹ªÕéµÒÂcheeH bpenM cheeH dtaayMgiving the final judgement; yea or nae; thumbs up or thumbs down
ä´é¡ÓäÃà»ç¹¡Íºà»ç¹¡ÓdaiF gahmM raiM bpenM gaawpL bpenM gahmMto be substantially lucrative/profitable
µé¹´ÔÅãªéà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧà·È
dtohnF dinM chaiH bpenM khreuuangF thaehtF
dill
µÍ¹·èÒ¹à»ç¹âÂÁdtaawnM thanF bpenM yohmM[spoken by a monk] "...when [he] was a layperson"
µÍäÁéáËÅÁãµé¹éÓÍѹà»ç¹ÍѹµÃÒµèÍ¡ÒÃà´Ô¹àÃ×Í
dtaawM maaiH laaemR dtaiF naahmH anM bpenM anM dtraayM dtaawL gaanM deernM reuuaM
a snag
µÑÇà»ç¹à¡ÅÕÂÇdtuaaM bpenM gliaaoM(to work) strenuously; arduously
µÑÇá»Å§à»ç¹´Ô¨ÔµÍÅdtuaaM bplaaengM bpenM diL jiL dtaawnM[Computer & IT] digitizer
µÒÂà»ç¹àº×ÍdtaayM bpenM beuuaMto die in droves; huge number of deaths as if by poison
áµè¶éÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁãËéà¡çºäÇé·Ñé§ ò µÑÇ â´ÂãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇé·ÕèµÑÇ·éÒ àªè¹
dtaaeL thaaF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM haiF gepL waiH thangH saawngR dtuaaM dooyM saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH theeF dtuaaM thaayH chehnF
However, if such word is a technical term or is a proper noun, the double letters are retained and a silencer is placed over the second letter, for example:
¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂàËÁ×͹¤Ó¹ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ "à»ç¹¢Í§ËÃ×Í "à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁ àªè¹
thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR meuuanR khahmM naamM reuuR maayR khwaamM waaF bpenM khaawngR reuuR bpenM reuuangF khaawngR khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM chehnF
If the adjective has the same meaning as the associated noun, or carries the meaning of “is an element of” or “is about” the noun, the adjective should be transcribed in the same form as the noun, for example:
¶éÒµéͧ¡ÒÃà¹é¹ÇèÒ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹à»ç¹ÊÔè§·ÕèÁÕËÅÒª¹Ô´áÅФӤسÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺà»ç¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Ö觢ͧ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¨·ÑºÈѾ·ìâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ áºº ª¹Ô´ Ãкº ÏÅÏ ÁÒá·Ã¡äÇéÃÐËÇèÒ§¤Ó¹ÒÁ¡Ñº¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
thaaF dtaawngF gaanM nehnH waaF khahmM naamM nanH bpenM singL theeF meeM laayR chaH nitH laeH khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL bpenM chaH nitH neungL khaawngR khahmM naamM nanH aatL thapH sap[t]L dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL baaepL chaH nitH raH bohpL maaM saaekF waiH raH waangL khahmM naamM gapL khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF
If one wishes to emphasize the fact that a particular noun is one of many elements in a series and the adjective associated with that noun is one of those elements, one may transcribe using a Thai combining word such as Ẻ  (model) ª¹Ô´  (kind or type) Ãкº  (method or system), such as:
¶éÒ·Ñ駤ӤسÈѾ·ìáÅФӹÒÁà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì·ÕèÂѧäÁè¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·Â ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÃ§µÒÁÈѾ·ìà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF thangH khahmM khoonM sap[t]L laeH khahmM naamM bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L theeF yangM maiF theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM haiF thapH sap[t]L dtrohngM dtaamM sap[t]L deermM chehnF
If both the adjective and the related noun are transcribed words neither of which are considered Thai words, they should be transcribed in the order of the original English words, for example:
¶éÒà»ç¹¤Ó·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàµÔÁ»Ñ¨¨Ñ àªè¹ -er, -ing, -ic, or –y áÅСÒ÷ѺÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡Äɴѧ¢éÍ ÷.ò ÍÒ¨·ÓãËéÍÍ¡àÊÕ§¼Ô´ä»¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁÁÒ¡ ãËé«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµé¹Íա˹Öè§à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹à¤éÒ¤Óà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF bpenM khahmM theeF geertL jaakL gaanM dteermM bpatL jaiM chehnF -er, -ing, -ic, or –y laeH gaanM thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dangM khaawF aatL thahmM haiF aawkL siiangR phitL bpaiM jaakL phaaM saaR deermM maakF haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtohnF eekL neungL pheuuaF haiF henR khaaoH khahmM deermM chehnF
If the word is one which arises from the use of a suffix such as -er, -ing, -ic, or –y and the use of rule 7.2 above results in a sound significantly at variance with the original English word, one should double the final consonant in order to be able to recognize the source of the original word, for example:
¶éÒ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹ÍÂÙè¡ÅÒ§ÈѾ·ìãËé¶×ÍÇèÒ ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹µÑÇááà»ç¹µÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒ áÅоÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹µÑÇËÅѧà»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» ©Ð¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃãªé¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´áÅоÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹ ¨ÐµèÒ§¡Ñ¹µÒÁËÅѡࡳ±ì¡ÒÃà·Õº¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðã¹µÒÃÒ§¢éÒ§·éÒ àªè¹
thaaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH yuuL glaangM sap[t]L haiF theuuR waaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM raaekF bpenM dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF laeH phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM langR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chaL nanH gaanM chaiH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL laeH phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF jaL dtaangL ganM dtaamM lakL gaehn[t]M gaanM thiiapF phaH yanM chaH naH naiM dtaaM raangM khaangF thaayH chehnF
If the double letters occur in the middle of the word, the rules are: the first letter of the double is the last consonant of the prior syllable and the second consonant is the initial of the next syllable. Therefore, the expression of the first and second letters of the double will differ according to the rules set forth in the Consonant Table, for example:
¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹ÊÃÐÍ×è¹·ÕèäÁèãªèÊÃÐÍРãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉâ´ÂäÁèµéͧ«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð àªè¹
thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM saL raL euunL theeF maiF chaiF saL raL aL haiF thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dooyM maiF dtaawngF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH chehnF
If the vowel associated with the first syllable is any vowel other than /-a-/, the consonant should be transcribed using the English consonant itself without doubling up the consonant, for example:
¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹àÊÕ§ÊÃÐÍР«Öè§àÁ×èͷѺÈѾ·ìµéͧãªéÃÙ»äÁéËѹÍÒ¡ÒÈ ãËé«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà¢éÒÍÕ¡µÑÇ˹Öè§à¾×èÍà»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» àªè¹
thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM siiangR saL raL aL seungF meuuaF thapH sap[t]L dtaawngF chaiH ruupF maaiH hanR aaM gaatL haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF khaoF eekL dtuaaM neungL pheuuaF bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chehnF
If the vowel associated with the first syllable is an /-a-/ sound which uses the "stick turning in air" vowel in the transcription, one should double the transcribed consonant for use again as the initial consonant in the subsequent syllable, for example:
¶Ö§µÍ¹¹Õ餹ä·ÂµéͧÂÍÁÃѺÊÀÒ¾·ÕèÃÒ¤Òà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡Å䡵ÅÒ´ à¾×èÍ·ÕèÇèÒàÁ×èÍÊÔ¹¤éÒÃÒ¤Òá¾§¤¹¨Ð»ÃÐËÂÑ´¢Öé¹
theungR dtaawnM neeH khohnM thaiM dtaawngF yaawmM rapH saL phaapF theeF raaM khaaM bpenM bpaiM dtaamM gohnM gaiM dtaL laatL pheuuaF theeF waaF meuuaF sinR khaaH raaM khaaM phaaengM khohnM jaL bpraL yatL kheunF
Today, the Thais must accept that prices are a function of market mechanisms so that when the prices of goods rise, they must (learn to) increase their savings (habits).
à¶Õ§¤Íà»ç¹àÍç¹thiiangR khaawM bpenM enMto argue strenuously such that the tendons bulge from the neck
·Ã§à»ç¹ÃèÁà¡ÅéÒsohngM bpenM rohmF glaoF[written Thai and used with the kings only] to be a protector of peace
·Ã§à»ç¹ÃèÁà¡ÈsohngM bpenM rohmF gaehtL[·Ã§à»ç¹ÃèÁà¡ÅéÒ]
·Ñé§à»ç¹thangH bpenMalive
·Õèà»ç¹ÍÂÙè»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹theeF bpenM yuuL bpatL jooL banM[Thai definition of the English word] current
à¹×éÍÊѵÇì·Õèãªéà»ç¹ÍÒËÒÃ
neuuaH sat[w]L theeF chaiH bpenM aaM haanR
edible animal meat
ºÃÃÉÑ·ÀÔºÒÅ·Õè´Õ ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¶֧¡ÒúÃÔËÒèѴ¡ÒøØÃ¡Ô¨·Õèà»ç¹¸ÃÃÁâ»Ãè§ãÊ áÅÐàÊÁÍÀÒ¤
banM satL phiH baanM theeF deeM khwaamM maayR theungR gaanM bawL riH haanR jatL gaanM thooH raH gitL theeF bpenM thamM bprohngL saiR laeH saL muuhrR phaakF
Good corporate governance means running a business in a fair and honest manner, with transparency, and impartiality.
ºÑ§¤ÑºãËéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¡®ËÁÒÂ
bangM khapH haiF bpenM bpaiM dtaamM gohtL maayR
to enforce (something according to the law)
»ÃСÒÈãªéà»ç¹¡®ËÁÒÂbpraL gaatL chaiH bpenM gohtL maayRto enact (law)
»ÃѺãËéà»ç¹ÃдѺà´ÕÂǡѹ
bprapL haiF bpenM raH dapL diaaoM ganM
coordinate
»ÅèÍÂà»ç¹ÍÔÊÃÐbplaawyL bpenM itL saL raLto free
à»ç¹¡ÃÃÁ¾Ñ¹¸ØìbpenM gamM phan[t]Mhereditary
à»ç¹¡ÅÒ§bpenM glaangMto be neutral or undecided
·ÓãËéà»ç¹¡ÅÒ§thahmM haiF bpenM glaangMto neutralize
ã¨à»ç¹¡ÅÒ§jaiM bpenM glaangMwith an open mind; neutral-minded
à»ç¹¡ÅØèÁbpenM gloomL[French] en masse
à»ç¹¡Í§bpenM gaawngMquite; much; a great deal; somewhat; considerably
à»ç¹¡Ñ¹àͧbpenM ganM aehngMinformal
à»ç¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒbpenM gaanM seukL saaReducated; as an education
à»ç¹à¡ÂìbpenM gaeh[y]Mis gay; is homosexual
à»ç¹¢¹º¸ÃÃÁà¹ÕÂÁbpenM khaL nohpL thamM niiamMtraditional
à»ç¹¢Í§bpenM khaawngRto belong; to be of
à»ç¹¢Í§¾×é¹àÁ×ͧ·éͧ¶Ôè¹´Ñé§à´ÔÁ
bpenM khaawngR pheuunH meuuangM thaawngH thinL dangF deermM
indigenous
à»ç¹¤¹§Ò¹bpenM khohnM ngaanMto be a worker
à»ç¹¤ÃÑ駤ÃÒÇbpenM khrangH khraaoMoccasional
à»ç¹