Jun 2, 2008: Very many thanks to a generous benefactor for a major donation
Blake $40 Pehko M. $20 Narisa N. $30 Dennis F. $10 Anderson K. H. $10 John Karl L. $50 Gavin K. $30 Sirintip M. $10 Anderson H. $10 David B. $10 William S. $10 Otto Y. $2 Philippe B. $30 Edna T. $10 William O. $70! Dinh T. $10 E. Paulson $15 Daryl L. $5 Jeffrey W. $25
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¡ç¤×͹ѡ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧµéͧäÁèÅØá¡èÍÓ¹Ò¨äÁèÇèҨдéǤÇÒÁËŧËÃ×ÍàËÅÔ§â´ÂäÁè¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¼Ô´ªÍºªÑèÇ´Õ gawF kheuuM nakH gaanM meuuangM dtaawngF maiF looH gaaeL ahmM naatF maiF waaF jaL duayF khwaamM lohngR reuuR leerngR dooyM maiF khahmM neungM theungR phitL chaawpF chuaaF deeM Politicians must not attain power—whether by mistake or by overconfidence—without considering the right or wrong, good or bad, (of their actions).
¤¹·ÕèÃèÒ§¡ÒÂáÅÐÊÁͧ¾Ô¡ÒÃà¾ÃÒÐÍØºÑµÔà˵ØËÃ×Íâä khohnM theeF raangF gaayM laeH saL maawngR phiH gaanM phrawH ooL batL haehtL reuuR rohkF person with bodily and mental disability owing to accident or disease
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·ÂËÃ×Íà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ìáµèä´éãªéã¹ÀÒÉÒä·ÂÁÒ¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·ÂáÅéÇãËéÇÒ§¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìäÇéËÅѧ¤Ó¹ÒÁàªè¹ khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM naamM theeF bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM reuuR bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L dtaaeL daiF chaiH naiM phaaM saaR thaiM maaM johnM theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM laaeoH haiF waangM khahmM khoonM sap[t]L waiH langR khahmM naamM chehnF If an adjective is combined with a native Thai noun or a transcribed word which has a long history of usage and this is treated as a native Thai word, the adjective should be placed behind the noun (as in standard Thai grammar conventions).
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡¤Ó¹ÒÁ«Öè§ÁÕ»ÑËÒÇèҨзѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁËÃ×ͤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL khahmM naamM seungF meeM bpanM haaR waaF jaL thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM reuuR khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH For adjectives derived from nouns which present difficulty as to whether they should be transcribed as nouns or adjectives, one should use the following rules:
¤ÓËÃ×;ÂÒ§¤ì·ÕèµÑÇÊС´ÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÒÁÁÒËÅÒµÑÇãËéãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇ麹¾ÂѪ¹Ð·ÕèäÁèÍÍ¡àÊÕ§µÑÇÊØ´·éÒÂáµèà¾Õ§áËè§à´ÕÂÇàªè¹ khahmM reuuR phaH yaang[k]M theeF dtuaaM saL gohtL meeM phaH yanM chaH naH dtaamM maaM laayR dtuaaM haiF saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH bohnM phaH yanM chaH naH theeF maiF aawkL siiangR dtuaaM sootL thaayH dtaaeL phiiangM haengL diaaoM chehnF In a word or syllable which has several final consonants, one should use a silencer only on the very last consonant which is not sounded out, for example:
¤ÓËÃ×;ÂÒ§¤ì·ÕèÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹ÐäÁèÍÍ¡àÊÕ§ÍÂÙè˹éÒµÑÇÊС´·ÕèÂѧÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÒÁËÅѧÁÒÍÕ¡ãËéµÑ´¾ÂѪ¹Ð·ÕèÍÂÙè˹éÒµÑÇÊС´ÍÍ¡áÅÐãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇ麹¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇÊØ´·éÒÂàªè¹ khahmM reuuR phaH yaang[k]M theeF meeM phaH yanM chaH naH maiF aawkL siiangR yuuL naaF dtuaaM saL gohtL theeF yangM meeM phaH yanM chaH naH dtaamM langR maaM eekL haiF dtatL phaH yanM chaH naH theeF yuuL naaF dtuaaM saL gohtL aawkL laeH saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH bohnM phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM sootL thaayH chehnF In a word or syllable which has consonants which are not pronounced, which are placed before the final consonant, and where there are consonants following, such non-pronounced consonants should be cut out and a silencer inserted over the final, non-pronounced consonant. For example:
§ÙàËèÒâ´ÂÁÒ¡´ÓáÅÐÁÕ´Í¡¨Ñ¹ËÃ×ͨشÅÒÂÍÂÙè·Õè¤Í nguuM haoL dooyM maakF dahmM laeH meeM daawkL janM reuuR jootL laayM yuuL theeF khaawM Cobras are generally black and have stars or spots streaked on the neck.
áµè¶éÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁãËéà¡çºäÇé·Ñé§òµÑÇâ´ÂãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇé·ÕèµÑÇ·éÒÂàªè¹ dtaaeL thaaF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM haiF gepL waiH thangH saawngR dtuaaM dooyM saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH theeF dtuaaM thaayH chehnF However, if such word is a technical term or is a proper noun, the double letters are retained and a silencer is placed over the second letter, for example:
áµèºÒ§·Õ¶éÒàÃÒä»à·ÕèÂÇã¹»èÒËÃ×Í·Øè§¹Òà»ÅÕèÂÇ æàÃÒÍÒ¨¾º§ÙºéÒ§àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ dtaaeL baangM theeM thaaF raoM bpaiM thiaaoF naiM bpaaL reuuR thoongF naaM bpliaaoL bpliaaoL raoM aatL phohpH nguuM baangF meuuanR ganM But sometimes if we go on a trip into the forest or remote crop field we might find a snake after all.
¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂÇèÒ "à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñº" ËÃ×Í "à¡ÕèÂÇà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺàªÔ§áººÍÂèÒ§·Ò§ª¹Ô´ÃкºÏÅÏáÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂàªè¹ thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR waaF giaaoL khaawngF gapL reuuR giaaoL neuuangF jaakL khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL cheerngM baaepL yaangL thaangM chaH nitH raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF If the adjective has the meaning of "concerning, involving" or "connected, related to" the noun should be transcribed in the noun form using a compound word (a combined Thai and English word) and the Thai connectors, àªÔ§áººÍÂèÒ§·Ò§ª¹Ô´Ãкº and the like, depending on the particular meaning, for example:
¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂàËÁ×͹¤Ó¹ÒÁËÃ×ÍËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ "à»ç¹¢Í§" ËÃ×Í "à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁàªè¹ thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR meuuanR khahmM naamM reuuR maayR khwaamM waaF bpenM khaawngR reuuR bpenM reuuangF khaawngR khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM chehnF If the adjective has the same meaning as the associated noun, or carries the meaning of “is an element of” or “is about” the noun, the adjective should be transcribed in the same form as the noun, for example:
à¹×éÍÊѵÇì·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÓËÃѺͺËÃ×Í»Ôé§ neuuaH sat[w]L theeF mawL sahmR rapL ohpL reuuR bpingF meat suitable for roasting or baking
á¹Ç·Ò§¡ÒûÃѺÃÒ¤ÒÊÔ¹¤éÒÁÕÊͧ·Ò§¤×ÍËÒ¡äÁè»ÃѺ¢Öé¹ÃÒ¤Òâ´ÂµÃ§¡ç¨ÐãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÅ´¹éÓ˹ѡËÃ×Íä««ìÊÔ¹¤éÒŧ naaeoM thaangM gaanM bprapL raaM khaaM sinR khaaH meeM saawngR thaangM kheuuM haakL maiF bprapL kheunF raaM khaaM dooyM dtrohngM gawF jaL chaiH wiH theeM gaanM lohtH nahmH nakL reuuR sai[s]M sinR khaaH lohngM There are two ways of adjusting the price of products, if you do not directly increase the price: either you can reduce the (product's) weight or its size.
㹡óշÕè¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁµÒÁ¢éÍñð.ñáÅТéÍñð.ò·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¡ӡÇÁËÃ×ͤÅÒ´à¤Å×è͹ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìàªè¹ naiM gaL raH neeM theeF gaanM thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dtaamM khaawF sipL neungL laeH khaawF sipL saawngR thahmM haiF geertL khwaamM maayR gahmM guaamM reuuR khlaatF khleuuanF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF In cases in which transcriptions involving nouns under rules 10.1 and 10.2 above create meanings which are ambiguous or incorrect, the words should be changed to be stated in the adjectival form, for example:
ºØ¤¤ÅËÃ×ÍÊÔè§·Õ褹ÊÒ»áªè§ËÃ×Íà¡ÅÕ´ªÑ§ bookL khohnM reuuR singL theeF khohnM saapL chaaengF reuuR gliiatL changM anathema; the excommunicated; the cursed
ºØ¤¤ÅËÃ×ÍÊÔè§·Õè·ÓãËéàºÔ¡ºÒ¹ã¨ÁÒ¡ bookL khohnM reuuR singL theeF thahmM haiF beerkL baanM jaiM maakF an amusing thing — "a gas"
¡àÇé¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õèà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁàªè¹ yohkH wehnH naiM gaL raH neeM theeF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM chehnF There is an exception for technical terms and proper names, for example:
áÃèÃѵ¹ªÒµÔÊÕ¹éÓà§Ô¹ËÃ×͹éÓà§Ô¹ÍÁà¢ÕÂÇ raaeF ratH naH chaatF seeR nahmH ngernM reuuR nahmH ngernM ohmM khiaaoR turquoise—an opaque mineral, a basic hydrous copper ÍÅÙÁÔà¹ÕÂÁ¿ÍÊ࿵ (aluminum phosphate) often containing a small amount of iron, sky-blue or greenish-blue in color, as a gem cut en cabochon
˹ѧÊ×ÍÀҾ¹µÃìËÃ×ͧҹÈÔŻзÕè¼ÅÔµ¢Öé¹ÍÂèÒ§ÅÇ¡ æà¾×èÍ·Óà§Ô¹ nangR seuuR phaapF yohn[dr]M reuuR ngaanM sinR laH bpaL theeF phaL litH kheunF yaangL luaakF luaakF pheuuaF thahmM ngernM potboiler—a usually inferior work (as of art or literature) produced chiefly for profit
àËÁ×͹¡Ñº·Õ褹ä·Âµéͧ༪ԡѹÍÂÙè㹵͹¹ÕéËÃ×ÍäÁè¡ÕèÇѹ¹Ñº¨Ò¡¹Õéä» meuuanR gapL theeF khohnM thaiM dtaawngF phaL cheernM ganM yuuL naiM dtaawnM neeH reuuR maiF geeL wanM napH jaakL neeH bpaiM It seems that Thai must confront this issue right now, or if not (now), sometime in the near future.
¡ÃзÃǧà¡ÉµÃáÅÐÊˡóìä´éÁÕ¡ÒõÑ駡ͧ·Ø¹ËÃ×Íà§Ô¹·Ø¹ËÁعàÇÕ¹µèÒ§ æà¾×èÍà»ç¹áËÅè§à§Ô¹·Ø¹¢Í§à¡ÉµÃ¡Ã graL suaangM gaL saeht[r]L laeH saL hohkL ra[n]H daiF meeM gaanM dtangF gaawngM thoonM reuuR ngernM thoonM moonR wiianM dtaangL dtaangL pheuuaF bpenM laengL ngernM thoonM khaawngR gaL saeht[r]L gaawnM "The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives has set up various sums of money or revolving funds to be a source of investment capital for farmers."