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Consonant Endings

When a syllable does not have a final consonant, it is called open—the pronunciation of the vowel ends the pronunciation of the syllable. If there is a final consonant, the syllable is called closed. In this article we will be discussing closed syllables and the characteristics of their final consonants. There are only six consonant ending sounds used in Thai (eight if you count diphthongs -Â /-y/ and Ç /-w/). It's imporant to recognize the endings of closed syllables as either live or dead; this information is used in the tone rules to determine the spoken tone of the syllable.

Live Endings

Sonorant or live consonant endings (sometimes referred to as "long final consonants") are characterized by their sonorous sound. They can be hummed indefinitely and tend to resonate. In linguistics, they're called "nasal."

Live Consonant Endings
-n-¹, -³, -­, -Ã, -Å, -Ì
-ng-§
-m-Á
Diphthongs -Â /-y/ and Ç /-w/ are also 'live,' generating a live syllable. Linguists call these "approximants."

2 More Live Endings
-y-Â
-w-Ç

Dead Endings

Dead consonant endings (sometimes referred to as "short final consonants") are characterized by their percussive sound. Their sound cannot be sustained indefinitely and tends to be harsh. They're known as "plosives."

Dead Consonant Endings
-k-¡ -¢ -¤ -¦
-p-» -¾ -À -¿ -º
-t-¥ -¯ - -° -· -²
-± -¸ -¨ -ª -¬ -Ê
-È -É -´ -®
Now that you know the live- and dead-endings, you'll be able to apply the tone rules like a pro.

The Eight Word-Ending Protocols

Sometimes it's interesting to look at the way native Thais learn their language. Thai schoolchildren memorize eight word-ending protocols, or ÁÒµÃÒ  /maatF raaM/, commonly called áÁè   /maaeF/. Each represents one of the valid endings for a closed syllable. Let's look at each, with some sample words:

Eight Word Ending Protocols
Protocol:Final Consonant:Samples:

áÁè¡¡
/maaeF gohkL/
¡ ¢ ¡ ¦¡Ò¡, ¡êÒ¡, ¡Ôê¡, ¡ÃÍ¡, ¤Ã¡, ¤ÃÒ¡, â¤Ã¡, ⤡, §¡, â§¡, §Í¡, ¨Ñ¡, ¨Ò¡, ¡ÃЪҡ, ¡ÃÐ⪡, ¡ÃÃ⪡, ©¡, ©Ò¡, â©Å¡, »¯Ñ¡, ÁØ¢, ÁÃä, ÇÃä, ÂÒ¡, ÂÑ¡Éì, ÊØ¢, ·Ø¡¢ì, ÊØ¹Ñ¢, ͹Ãæ, ÍØ»Ñ¯°Ò¡
áÁè¡§
/maaeF gohngM/
§¡Ã§, ¡ÃèÒ§, â¡Ãè§, á¡§, á¡è§, á¡Åé§, á¡ê§¤ì, ÅÙ¡¢èÒ§, ¢éÒ§, ¢Ô§, ¢Í§, ¢éͧ, ¤éÒ§, â¤é§, §§, â§é§, ¨§, ¨Ù§, â¨è§á¨é§, á©è§, ªéÒ§, ªÔ§, àªÔ§, «Ò§, «Ø§, ´§, â´è§, ´èÒ§, ¡ÃдéÒ§, ¡ÃдÔè§, á´§, â´è§´Ñ§, ÊØ´âµè§, µÃ§, ᵡµèÒ§, µÐÃÒ§, ¶Ò§, ¶èÒ§, ·Ò§, ¸§, ¨Ó¹§, ¹Ò§, ¹Ñè§, ¹Ôè§, ¹Ôé§, ¹Øè§, ¶Ø§¹èͧ, ºÒ§, ºèÒ§, ºéÒ§, ºè§, »Ò§, â»è§, â»é§, »Å§, »Ãا, »Øé§, ¼§, â¼§¼Ò§, ½Ñ§, ½Ñè§, ¿Ò§, ¿èÒ§, »ÃÐÁ§, Áا, âËÁè§, ¹¡ÂÙ§, ÂØ§, ¡ÃÐÂÒ§, ÊÒ§, ÊÃèÒ§, ÊÃéÒ§, Êè§, ÊÙ§, ˧Éì, ËÒ§, ËèÒ§, ËéÒ§, ÍÒ§¢¹Ò§, ÍèÒ§, ÍéÒ§, ͧ¤ì, âÍè§
áÁè¡´
/maaeF gohtL/
¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ±
² ´ µ · ¸ È É Ê
¡ÓÊô, §Ñ´, §´, ©¡Ò¨, ¾¨¹ì, Àت, ÃѰ, ¡®, ÈØÀÇØ²Ô, ÊØÇÔ·Âì, ÍÒµÁì, ¢º¶, »Ñ·Áì, ¹Ôàʸ, ÇÔàÈÉ, ÍÔÈàÃÈ, ÀÙàºÈÃì, ÃËÑÊ, µÃǨ, ¡Í´, ¼Ñ¡¡Ò´ , ¢´, ¢Í´, ¤´, »Ñ´, »´, »Ò´
áÁ衹
/maaeF gohnM/
­ ³ ¹ à żÅÒ­, ªÓ¹Ò­, ªÒ­, ¤ÇÃ, ¤Ó¹Ç³, ¡éÒ¹, ¡Ò­¨¹ì, ¡ÒÃ, ¡ÒÅ, ¡ÒÌ, ¡ºÒÅ, ¢Ñ¹, ¢Ò¹, ¢ÒÅ, ¢¹Ø¹, Á¹, Á¹µÃì, Âйµì
áÁ衺
/maaeF gohpL/
º » ¾ ¿ ÀÃÙ», ÅÙº, ÅÒº, ÅÒÀ, ÅÐâÁº, âÅÀ, ÊÒº, ÊÒ», ©ºÑº, Ⱦ, ʺ, ¾º, ¾ÔÀ¾, ¹Ñº, ÂØº, ºÒ», ¡ÉÒ»³ì, ÀÒ¾, à¤Òþ, ¨º, »ÃШº, ·Ó¹º, ¹Ñº, ¤ÃѺ, ¡ÃѺ, ¡Ñº, ¡Ñ»
áÁè¡Á
/maaeF gohmM/
Á¡ÒÁ, ¢Á, ¤Á, ªÁ, ªÔÁ, ªÒÁ, ÁТÒÁ, â¤Á, âÂÁ, ÁÐÂÁ, »Á, ÅÁ, ÍÒÈÃÁ, ÍÒÃÒÁ, ¹ÔÂÒÁ, ¹ÔÂÁ, ÁҵؤÒÁ, ¹Ô¤Á, µÙÁµÒÁ, ä¶è¶ÒÁ, µÐ¡ÅÒÁ, µÐ¡ÃØÁ
áÁèà¡Â
/maaeF geeuyM/
¡ÒÂ, ¡ÃÕ´¡ÃÒÂ, ¡èÒÂ, ¢ÒÂ, ¢èÒÂ, ࢹÂ, ¢éÒÇ, à¤Â, ¤ÍÂ, ¤èÍÂ, ¤éÍÂ, ¤ÅéÍÂ, ¤ÃÑÇ, §èÍÂ, §èÒÂ, §éÒÇ, ¨Ð§ÍÂ, ©èÍÂ, à©Â, ªÒÂ, àªÂ, ªÑÂ, ªØèÂ, µÒÂ, µÒ¢èÒÂ, ¡ÃеèÒÂ, ¶èÒÂ, ¶ØÂ, ·ÒÂ, ·éÒÂ, ·ØÂ, µØé¹ØéÂ, à˹ÕÂÇ
áÁèà¡ÍÇ
/maaeF guaawM/
Çá¡éÇ, ËÇÔÇ, äËÇ

As you review these groups, see if you can name which are live endings and which are dead. These groups are alternately named with ÁÒµÃÒ  /maatF raaM/, for example: ÁÒµÃÒ¡¡ /maatF raaM gohkL/, ÁÒµÃÒ¡§ /maatF raaM gohngM/, etc., but áÁè   /maaeF/ seems to be more common.

Among other uses, these are the canonical endings used in the Thai phonemics that you might see in Thai dictionaries. By the way, the 'word ending protocol' for open syllables is áÁè ¡ ¡Ò  /maaeF gaawM gaaM/.


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