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|  Consonant Endings
When a syllable does not have a final consonant, it is called open—the pronunciation of the vowel ends the pronunciation
of the syllable. If there is a final consonant, the syllable is called closed. In this article we will be discussing closed
syllables and the characteristics of their final consonants. There are only six consonant ending sounds used in Thai (eight if
you count diphthongs - Â /-y/ and Ç /-w/). It's imporant to recognize the endings of closed syllables as
either live or dead; this information is used in the tone rules
to determine the spoken tone of the syllable.
Live Endings
Sonorant or live consonant endings (sometimes referred to as "long final consonants") are characterized by their sonorous
sound. They can be hummed indefinitely and tend to resonate. In linguistics, they're called "nasal."
| Live Consonant Endings |
| -n | -¹, -³, -, -Ã, -Å, -Ì |
| -ng | -§ |
| -m | -Á |
Diphthongs - Â /-y/ and Ç /-w/ are also 'live,' generating a live syllable. Linguists call these "approximants."
| 2 More Live Endings |
| -y | -Â |
| -w | -Ç |
Dead Endings
Dead consonant endings (sometimes referred to as "short final consonants") are characterized by their percussive
sound. Their sound cannot be sustained indefinitely and tends to be harsh. They're known as "plosives."
| Dead Consonant Endings |
| -k | -¡ -¢ -¤ -¦ |
| -p | -» -¾ -À -¿ -º |
| -t | -¥ -¯ -¶ -° -· -² -± -¸ -¨ -ª -¬ -Ê -È -É -´ -® |
Now that you know the live- and dead-endings, you'll be able to apply the tone rules like a pro.
The Eight Word-Ending Protocols
Sometimes it's interesting to look at the way native Thais learn their language. Thai schoolchildren
memorize eight word-ending protocols, or ÁÒµÃÒ /maat F raa M/, commonly called áÁè  /maae F/. Each represents one of the valid endings for a closed syllable.
Let's look at each, with some sample words:
| Eight Word Ending Protocols |
| Protocol: | Final Consonant: | Samples: |
|
áÁè¡¡ /maaeF gohkL/ | ¡ ¢ ¡ ¦ | ¡Ò¡, ¡êÒ¡, ¡Ôê¡, ¡ÃÍ¡, ¤Ã¡, ¤ÃÒ¡, â¤Ã¡, ⤡, §¡, â§¡, §Í¡, ¨Ñ¡, ¨Ò¡, ¡ÃЪҡ, ¡ÃÐ⪡, ¡ÃÃ⪡, ©¡, ©Ò¡, â©Å¡, »¯Ñ¡, ÁØ¢, ÁÃä, ÇÃä, ÂÒ¡, ÂÑ¡Éì, ÊØ¢, ·Ø¡¢ì, ÊØ¹Ñ¢, ͹Ãæ, ÍØ»Ñ¯°Ò¡ |
áÁè¡§ /maaeF gohngM/ | § | ¡Ã§, ¡ÃèÒ§, â¡Ãè§, á¡§, á¡è§, á¡Åé§, á¡ê§¤ì, ÅÙ¡¢èÒ§ , ¢éÒ§, ¢Ô§, ¢Í§, ¢éͧ, ¤éÒ§, â¤é§, §§, â§é§, ¨§, ¨Ù§, â¨è§á¨é§, á©è§, ªéÒ§, ªÔ§, àªÔ§, «Ò§, «Ø§, ´§, â´è§, ´èÒ§, ¡ÃдéÒ§, ¡ÃдÔè§, á´§, â´è§´Ñ§ , ÊØ´âµè§ , µÃ§, ᵡµèÒ§ , µÐÃÒ§, ¶Ò§, ¶èÒ§, ·Ò§, ¸§, ¨Ó¹§, ¹Ò§, ¹Ñè§, ¹Ôè§, ¹Ôé§, ¹Øè§, ¶Ø§¹èͧ , ºÒ§, ºèÒ§, ºéÒ§, ºè§, »Ò§, â»è§, â»é§, »Å§, »Ãا, »Øé§, ¼§, â¼§¼Ò§, ½Ñ§, ½Ñè§, ¿Ò§, ¿èÒ§, »ÃÐÁ§, Áا, âËÁè§, ¹¡ÂÙ§, ÂØ§, ¡ÃÐÂÒ§, ÊÒ§, ÊÃèÒ§, ÊÃéÒ§, Êè§, ÊÙ§, ˧Éì, ËÒ§, ËèÒ§, ËéÒ§, ÍÒ§¢¹Ò§, ÍèÒ§, ÍéÒ§, ͧ¤ì, âÍè§ |
áÁè¡´ /maaeF gohtL/ | ¨ © ª « ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ´ µ ¶ · ¸ È É Ê | ¡ÓÊô, §Ñ´, §´, ©¡Ò¨, ¾¨¹ì, Àت, ÃѰ, ¡®, ÈØÀÇØ²Ô , ÊØÇÔ·Âì , ÍÒµÁì, ¢º¶, »Ñ·Áì, ¹Ôàʸ, ÇÔàÈÉ, ÍÔÈàÃÈ, ÀÙàºÈÃì, ÃËÑÊ, µÃǨ, ¡Í´, ¼Ñ¡¡Ò´ , ¢´, ¢Í´, ¤´, »Ñ´, »´, »Ò´ |
áÁ衹 /maaeF gohnM/ | ³ ¹ à Š| ¼ÅÒ, ªÓ¹Ò, ªÒ, ¤ÇÃ, ¤Ó¹Ç³, ¡éÒ¹, ¡Ò¨¹ì, ¡ÒÃ, ¡ÒÅ, ¡ÒÌ, ¡ºÒÅ, ¢Ñ¹, ¢Ò¹, ¢ÒÅ, ¢¹Ø¹, Á¹, Á¹µÃì, Âйµì |
áÁ衺 /maaeF gohpL/ | º » ¾ ¿ À | ÃÙ», ÅÙº, ÅÒº, ÅÒÀ, ÅÐâÁº, âÅÀ, ÊÒº, ÊÒ», ©ºÑº, Ⱦ, ʺ, ¾º, ¾ÔÀ¾, ¹Ñº, ÂØº, ºÒ», ¡ÉÒ»³ì, ÀÒ¾, à¤Òþ, ¨º, »ÃШº, ·Ó¹º, ¹Ñº, ¤ÃѺ, ¡ÃѺ, ¡Ñº, ¡Ñ» |
áÁè¡Á /maaeF gohmM/ | Á | ¡ÒÁ, ¢Á, ¤Á, ªÁ, ªÔÁ, ªÒÁ, ÁТÒÁ, â¤Á, âÂÁ, ÁÐÂÁ, »Á, ÅÁ, ÍÒÈÃÁ, ÍÒÃÒÁ, ¹ÔÂÒÁ, ¹ÔÂÁ, ÁҵؤÒÁ , ¹Ô¤Á, µÙÁµÒÁ, ä¶è¶ÒÁ, µÐ¡ÅÒÁ, µÐ¡ÃØÁ |
áÁèà¡Â /maaeF geeuyM/ |  | ¡ÒÂ, ¡ÃÕ´¡ÃÒÂ, ¡èÒÂ, ¢ÒÂ, ¢èÒÂ, ࢹÂ, ¢éÒÇ, à¤Â, ¤ÍÂ, ¤èÍÂ, ¤éÍÂ, ¤ÅéÍÂ, ¤ÃÑÇ, §èÍÂ, §èÒÂ, §éÒÇ, ¨Ð§ÍÂ, ©èÍÂ, à©Â, ªÒÂ, àªÂ, ªÑÂ, ªØèÂ, µÒÂ, µÒ¢èÒ , ¡ÃеèÒÂ, ¶èÒÂ, ¶ØÂ, ·ÒÂ, ·éÒÂ, ·ØÂ, µØé¹ØéÂ, à˹ÕÂÇ |
áÁèà¡ÍÇ /maaeF guaawM/ | Ç | á¡éÇ, ËÇÔÇ, äËÇ |
As you review these groups, see if you can name which are live endings and which are dead.
These groups are alternately named with ÁÒµÃÒ /maat F raa M/, for example: ÁÒµÃÒ¡¡ /maat F raa M gohk L/, ÁÒµÃÒ¡§ /maat F raa M gohng M/, etc., but áÁè  /maae F/ seems to be more common.
Among other uses, these are the canonical endings used in the Thai phonemics that you might see in Thai dictionaries. By the way, the 'word ending protocol' for open syllables is áÁè ¡ ¡Ò /maae F gaaw M gaa M/.
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