Explanation
¤ÓªÕéᨧ khahmM cheeH jaaengM |
| 1. | The original English word should be transcribed in a such a manner as to indicate the original form of the word as well as to allow the word to be written in a manner so that it might be easily read in Thai script. |
ñ. | ¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìãËé¶Í´ÍÑ¡ÉÃã¹ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁ¾Í¤ÇÃá¡è¡ÒÃáÊ´§·ÕèÁҢͧÃÙ»ÈѾ·ì áÅÐãËéà¢Õ¹ã¹ÃÙ»·ÕèÍèÒ¹ä´éÊдǡã¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â
gaanM thapH sap[t]L haiF thaawtL akL saawnR naiM phaaM saaR deermM phaawM khuaanM gaaeL gaanM saL daaengM theeF maaM khaawngR ruupF sap[t]L laeH haiF khiianR naiM ruupF theeF aanL daiF saL duaakL naiM phaaM saaR thaiM |
| 2. | Setting forth these conventions distinguishes and determines transcription rules for various languages.2 |
ò. | ¡ÒÃÇÒ§ËÅѡࡳ±ìä´éá¡¡Ó˹´ËÅѡࡳ±ì¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìÀÒÉÒµèÒ§ æ áµèÅÐÀÒÉÒä»
gaanM waangM lakL gaehn[t]M daiF yaaekF gahmM nohtL lakL gaehn[t]M gaanM thapH sap[t]L phaaM saaR dtaangL dtaangL dtaaeL laH phaaM saaR bpaiM |
| 3. | Some transcribed words have been used (by Thais) for so long that they are considered Thai words and are already included in the Royal Institute Dictionary of the Thai Language. These transcribed forms should continue to be utilized. Such words include the Thai words for “chocolate,” “shirt,” and “gas.” |
ó. | ¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¹Ò¹¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â áÅлÃÒ¡¯ã¹¾¨¹Ò¹Ø¡ÃÁ©ºÑºÃÒªºÑ³±ÔµÂʶҹáÅéÇ ãËéãªé µèÍ仵ÒÁà´ÔÁ àªè¹ ªçÍ¡â¡àŵ ªçÍ¡â¡áŵ àªÔéµ ¡êÒ« á¡êÊ
khahmM thapH sap[t]L theeF chaiH ganM maaM naanM johnM theuuR bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM laeH bpraaM gohtL naiM phohtH jaL naaM nooH grohmM chaL bapL raatF chaH banM thitH dtaL yaH saL thaanR laaeoH haiF chaiH dtaawL bpaiM dtaamM deermM chehnF chawkH gohM laehtF chawkH gohM laaetF cheertH gaasH gaaetH |
| 4. | Proper nouns whose transcriptions have a long historical usage shall continue to be utilized (even though such transcriptions may not conform to these new principles), for example: |
ô. | ¤ÓÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁ·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¹Ò¹áÅéÇ ÍÒ¨ãªéµèÍ仵ÒÁà´ÔÁ àªè¹
khahmM wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM theeF chaiH ganM maaM naanM laaeoH aatL chaiH dtaawL bpaiM dtaamM deermM |
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| 5. | These rules may be supplemented as necessary for technical words which are used by specific communities and which are not words in general usage. |
õ. | ÈѾ·ìÇÔªÒ¡ÒëÖè§ãªé੾ÒСÅØèÁ äÁèãªèÈѾ·ì·ÑèÇä» ÍÒ¨à¾ÔèÁàµÔÁËÅѡࡳ±ì¢Öé¹µÒÁ¤ÇÒÁ¨Óà»ç¹
sap[t]L wiH chaaM gaanM seungF chaiH chaL phawH gloomL maiF chaiF sap[t]L thuaaF bpaiM aatL pheermF dteermM lakL gaehn[t]M kheunF dtaamM khwaamM jahmM bpenM |
These are the principles:
ËÅѡࡳ±ìÁմѧ¹Õé... lakL gaehn[t]M meeM dangM neeH |
| 1. | For vowels, Thai letters used should imitate the sounds reflected in English language dictionaries using the Comparison Table - English Vowel Sounds |
ñ. | ÊÃÐ ãËé¶Í´µÒÁ¡ÒÃÍÍ¡àÊÕ§㹾¨¹Ò¹Ø¡ÃÁÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉ â´Âà·ÕºàÊÕ§ÊÃÐÀÒÉÒä·ÂµÒÁµÒÃÒ§à·ÕºàÊÕ§ÊÃÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉ
saL raL haiF thaawtL dtaamM gaanM aawkL siiangR naiM phohtH jaL naaM nooH grohmM phaaM saaR angM gritL dooyM thiiapF siiangR saL raL phaaM saaR thaiM dtaamM dtaaM raangM thiiapF siiangR saL raL phaaM saaR angM gritL |
| 2. | For consonants, the Thai letters used should be those from the Comparison Table - English Consonant Sounds |
ò. | ¾ÂѪ¹Ð ãËé¶Í´à»ç¹¾ÂѪ¹ÐÀÒÉÒä·ÂµÒÁËÅѡࡳ±ìã¹µÒÃÒ§à·Õº¾ÂѪ¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉ
phaH yanM chaH naH haiF thaawtL bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR thaiM dtaamM lakL gaehn[t]M naiM dtaaM raangM thiiapF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL |
| 3. | When to use a silencer mark:3 |
ó. | ¡ÒÃãªéà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦Òµ
gaanM chaiH khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF |
| 3.1. | Consonants sounds (in the English word) which are not pronounced in Thai should be marked with a silencer, for example: |
ó.ñ. | ¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇ·ÕèäÁèÍÍ¡àÊÕ§ã¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â ãËéãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦Òµ¡Ó¡ÑºäÇé àªè¹
phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM theeF maiF aawkL siiangR naiM phaaM saaR thaiM haiF saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF gahmM gapL waiH chehnF |
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| 3.2. | In a word or syllable which has several final consonants, one should use a silencer only on the very last consonant which is not sounded out, for example: |
ó.ò. | ¤ÓËÃ×;ÂÒ§¤ì·ÕèµÑÇÊС´ÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÒÁÁÒËÅÒµÑÇ ãËéãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦Òµ äÇ麹¾ÂѪ¹Ð·ÕèäÁèÍÍ¡àÊÕ§µÑÇÊØ´·éÒÂáµèà¾Õ§áËè§à´ÕÂÇ àªè¹
khahmM reuuR phaH yaang[k]M theeF dtuaaM saL gohtL meeM phaH yanM chaH naH dtaamM maaM laayR dtuaaM haiF saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH bohnM phaH yanM chaH naH theeF maiF aawkL siiangR dtuaaM sootL thaayH dtaaeL phiiangM haengL diaaoM chehnF |
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| 3.3. | In a word or syllable which has consonants which are not pronounced, which are placed before the final consonant, and where there are consonants following, such non-pronounced consonants should be cut out and a silencer inserted over the final, non-pronounced consonant. For example: |
ó.ó. | ¤ÓËÃ×;ÂÒ§¤ì·ÕèÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹ÐäÁèÍÍ¡àÊÕ§ÍÂÙè˹éÒµÑÇÊС´ ·ÕèÂѧÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÒÁËÅѧÁÒÍÕ¡ ãËéµÑ´¾ÂѪ¹Ð·ÕèÍÂÙè˹éÒµÑÇÊС´ÍÍ¡ áÅÐãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇ麹¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇÊØ´·éÒ àªè¹
khahmM reuuR phaH yaang[k]M theeF meeM phaH yanM chaH naH maiF aawkL siiangR yuuL naaF dtuaaM saL gohtL theeF yangM meeM phaH yanM chaH naH dtaamM langR maaM eekL haiF dtatL phaH yanM chaH naH theeF yuuL naaF dtuaaM saL gohtL aawkL laeH saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH bohnM phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM sootL thaayH chehnF |
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| 4. | The short vowel marker is used in the following cases: |
ô. | ¡ÒÃãªéäÁéäµè¤Ùé ¤ÇÃãªé㹡óյèÍ仹Õé
gaanM chaiH maaiH dtaiL khuuH khuaanM chaiH naiM gaL raH neeM dtaawL bpaiM neeH |
| 4.1. | In order to differentiate the English word from an existing Thai word: |
ô.ñ. | à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹áµ¡µèÒ§¨Ò¡¤Óä·Â àªè¹
pheuuaF haiF henR dtaaekL dtaangL jaakL khahmM thaiM chehnF |
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| 4.2. | In order to allow the reader to correctly divide the syllables of the word. Example: |
ô.ò. | à¾×èͪèÇÂãËé¼ÙéÍèҹ᡾ÂÒ§¤ìä´é¶Ù¡µéͧ àªè¹
pheuuaF chuayF haiF phuuF aanL yaaekF phaH yaang[k]M daiF thuukL dtaawngF chehnF |
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| 5. | The use of tone markers: In transcribing from English to Thai, one need not insert tone markers, except in cases in which such transcribed word replicates the sound of an existing Thai word which might create confusion for the reader. In these cases it is appropriate to use a tone marker for example: |
õ. | ¡ÒÃãªéà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂÇÃóÂØ¡µì ¡ÒÃà¢Õ¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì äÁèµéͧãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂÇÃóÂØ¡µì ¡àÇé¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õè¤Ó¹Ñé¹ÁÕàÊÕ§«éӡѺ¤Óä·Â ¨¹·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÊѺʹ ÍÒ¨ãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂÇÃóÂØ¡µìä´é àªè¹
gaanM chaiH khreuuangF maayR wanM yook[d]H gaanM khiianR khahmM thapH sap[t]L maiF dtaawngF saiL khreuuangF maayR wanM yook[d]H yohkH wehnH naiM gaL raH neeM theeF khahmM nanH meeM siiangR sahmH gapL khahmM thaiM johnM thahmM haiF geertL khwaamM sapL sohnR aatL saiL khreuuangF maayR wanM yook[d]H daiF chehnF |
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| 6. | Double-letters: For English words which have double letters as finals, if such word is a common noun, one of the double letters is removed, for example: |
ö. | ¾ÂѪ¹Ð«é͹ ¤Ó·ÕèÁÕ¾ÂѪ¹Ð«é͹à»ç¹µÑÇÊС´ ¶éÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·ÑèÇä»ãËéµÑ´ÍÍ¡µÑÇ˹Öè§ àªè¹
phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH khahmM theeF meeM phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH bpenM dtuaaM saL gohtL thaaF bpenM sap[t]L thuaaF bpaiM haiF dtatL aawkL dtuaaM neungL chehnF |
football ¿ØµºÍÅ /foot H baawn M/ |
| However, if such word is a technical term or is a proper noun, the double letters are retained and a silencer is placed over the second letter, for example: |
| áµè¶éÒà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁãËéà¡çºäÇé·Ñé§ ò µÑÇ â´ÂãÊèà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ·ѳ±¦ÒµäÇé·ÕèµÑÇ·éÒ àªè¹
dtaaeL thaaF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM haiF gepL waiH thangH saawngR dtuaaM dooyM saiL khreuuangF maayR thanM thaH khaatF waiH theeF dtuaaM thaayH chehnF |
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| If the double letters occur in the middle of the word, the rules are: the first letter of the double is the last consonant of the prior syllable and the second consonant is the initial of the next syllable. Therefore, the expression of the first and second letters of the double will differ according to the rules set forth in the Consonant Table, for example: |
| ¶éÒ¾ÂѪ¹Ð«é͹ÍÂÙè¡ÅÒ§ÈѾ·ìãËé¶×ÍÇèÒ ¾ÂѪ¹Ð«é͹µÑÇááà»ç¹µÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒ áÅоÂѪ¹Ð«é͹µÑÇËÅѧà»ç¹¾ÂѪ¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» ©Ð¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃãªé¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇÊС´áÅоÂѪ¹Ðµé¹ ¨ÐµèÒ§¡Ñ¹µÒÁËÅѡࡳ±ì¡ÒÃà·Õº¾ÂѪ¹Ðã¹µÒÃÒ§¢éÒ§·éÒ àªè¹
thaaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH yuuL glaangM sap[t]L haiF theuuR waaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM raaekF bpenM dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF laeH phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM langR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chaL nanH gaanM chaiH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL laeH phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF jaL dtaangL ganM dtaamM lakL gaehn[t]M gaanM thiiapF phaH yanM chaH naH naiM dtaaM raangM khaangF thaayH chehnF |
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| 7. | In a word in which the final consonant of a syllable also serves to sound out of the subsequent syllable, the following rules apply: |
÷. | ¤Ó·ÕèµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒÍÍ¡àÊÕ§à»ç¹¾ÂѪ¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµÑǵèÍä»´éÇ ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé
khahmM theeF dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF aawkL siiangR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtuaaM dtaawL bpaiM duayF haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH |
| 7.1. | If the vowel associated with the first syllable is an /-a-/ sound which uses the "stick turning in air" vowel in the transcription, one should double the transcribed consonant for use again as the initial consonant in the subsequent syllable, for example: |
÷.ñ. | ¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹àÊÕ§ÊÃÐÍÐ «Öè§àÁ×èͷѺÈѾ·ìµéͧãªéÃÙ»äÁéËѹÍÒ¡ÒÈ ãËé«é͹¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà¢éÒÍÕ¡µÑÇ˹Öè§à¾×èÍà»ç¹¾ÂѪ¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» àªè¹
thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM siiangR saL raL aL seungF meuuaF thapH sap[t]L dtaawngF chaiH ruupF maaiH hanR aaM gaatL haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF khaoF eekL dtuaaM neungL pheuuaF bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chehnF |
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| 7.2. | If the vowel associated with the first syllable is any vowel other than /-a-/, the consonant should be transcribed using the English consonant itself without doubling up the consonant, for example: |
÷.ò. | ¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹ÊÃÐÍ×è¹·ÕèäÁèãªèÊÃÐÍÐ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂѪ¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉâ´ÂäÁèµéͧ«é͹¾ÂѪ¹Ð àªè¹
thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM saL raL euunL theeF maiF chaiF saL raL aL haiF thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dooyM maiF dtaawngF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH chehnF |
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| 7.3. | If the word is one which arises from the use of a suffix such as -er, -ing, -ic, or –y and the use of rule 7.2 above results in a sound significantly at variance with the original English word, one should double the final consonant in order to be able to recognize the source of the original word, for example: |
÷.ó. | ¶éÒà»ç¹¤Ó·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàµÔÁ»Ñ¨¨Ñ àªè¹ -er, -ing, -ic, or –y áÅСÒ÷ѺÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂѪ¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡Äɴѧ¢éÍ ÷.ò ÍÒ¨·ÓãËéÍÍ¡àÊÕ§¼Ô´ä»¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁÁÒ¡ ãËé«é͹¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµé¹Íա˹Öè§à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹à¤éÒ¤Óà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF bpenM khahmM theeF geertL jaakL gaanM dteermM bpatL jaiM chehnF -er, -ing, -ic, or –y laeH gaanM thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dangM khaawF aatL thahmM haiF aawkL siiangR phitL bpaiM jaakL phaaM saaR deermM maakF haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtohnF eekL neungL pheuuaF haiF henR khaaoH khahmM deermM chehnF |
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| 8. | One should transcribe hyphenated words as one continuous word, for example: |
ø. | ¤Ó»ÃÐÊÁ·ÕèÁÕà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂÂѵÔÀѧ¤ì ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìâ´Âà¢Õ¹µÔ´µèÍ¡Ñ¹ä» àªè¹
khahmM bpraL sohmR theeF meeM khreuuangF maayR yatH dtiL phangM haiF thapH sap[t]L dooyM khiianR dtitL dtaawL ganM bpaiM chehnF |
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| There is an exception for technical terms and proper names, for example: |
| ¡àÇé¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õèà»ç¹ÈѾ·ì·Ò§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÃËÃ×ÍÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁ àªè¹
yohkH wehnH naiM gaL raH neeM theeF bpenM sap[t]L thaangM wiH chaaM gaanM reuuR wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM chehnF |
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| 9. | Compound words which in English are written as separate words should be transcribed as a single word which need not be separated by a space, for example: |
ù. | ¤Ó»ÃÐÊÁ«Öè§ã¹ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉà¢Õ¹á¡¡Ñ¹ àÁ×èͷѺÈѾ·ìãËéà¢Õ¹µÔ´¡Ñ¹ä» äÁèµéͧᡤӵÒÁÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁ àªè¹
khahmM bpraL sohmR seungF naiM phaaM saaR angM gritL khiianR yaaekF ganM meuuaF thapH sap[t]L haiF khiianR dtitL ganM bpaiM maiF dtaawngF yaaekF khahmM dtaamM phaaM saaR deermM chehnF |
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| 10. | For adjectives derived from nouns which present difficulty as to whether they should be transcribed as nouns or adjectives, one should use the following rules: |
ñð. | ¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡¤Ó¹ÒÁ «Öè§ÁÕ»ÑËÒÇèҨзѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁËÃ×ͤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL khahmM naamM seungF meeM bpanM haaR waaF jaL thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM reuuR khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH |
| 10.1. | If the adjective has the same meaning as the associated noun, or carries the meaning of “is an element of” or “is about” the noun, the adjective should be transcribed in the same form as the noun, for example: |
ñð.ñ. | ¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂàËÁ×͹¤Ó¹ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ "à»ç¹¢Í§" ËÃ×Í "à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁ àªè¹
thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR meuuanR khahmM naamM reuuR maayR khwaamM waaF bpenM khaawngR reuuR bpenM reuuangF khaawngR khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM chehnF |
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| 10.2. | If the adjective has the meaning of "concerning, involving" or "connected, related to" the noun should be transcribed in the noun form using a compound word (a combined Thai and English word) and the Thai connectors, àªÔ§ Ẻ ÍÂèÒ§ ·Ò§ ª¹Ô´ Ãкº and the like, depending on the particular meaning, for example: |
ñð.ò. | ¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂÇèÒ "à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñº" ËÃ×Í "à¡ÕèÂÇà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ àªÔ§ Ẻ ÍÂèÒ§ ·Ò§ ª¹Ô´ Ãкº ÏÅÏ áÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ àªè¹
thaaF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR waaF giaaoL khaawngF gapL reuuR giaaoL neuuangF jaakL khahmM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL cheerngM baaepL yaangL thaangM chaH nitH raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF |
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| 10.3. | In cases in which transcriptions involving nouns under rules 10.1 and 10.2 above create meanings which are ambiguous or incorrect, the words should be changed to be stated in the adjectival form, for example: |
ñð.ó. | 㹡óշÕè¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁµÒÁ¢éÍ ñð.ñ áÅТéÍ ñð.ò ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¡ӡÇÁËÃ×ͤÅÒ´à¤Å×è͹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
naiM gaL raH neeM theeF gaanM thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dtaamM khaawF sipL neungL laeH khaawF sipL saawngR thahmM haiF geertL khwaamM maayR gahmM guaamM reuuR khlaatF khleuuanF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF |
sulfuric acid ¡Ã´«ÑÅ¿ÔÇÃÔ¡ /groht L san M fiu M rik H/ (sulfuric) feudal system Ãкº¿ÔÇ´ÑÅ /ra H bohp L fiu M dan M/ (feudal) metric system ÃкºàÁµÃÔ¡ /ra H bohp L maeht F rik H/ (metric) hyperbolic function ¿Ñ§¡ìªÑ¹äÎà¾ÍÃìâºÅÔ¡ /fang[k] M chan M hai M phuuhr M b oh M lik H/ (hyperbolic) |
| 11. | Adjectives which are derived from person’s names should be transcribed following the transcription of the person’s name (not the adjectival form) through the use of the a connecting words ¢Í§ Ẻ Ãкº etc. depending on the particular meaning, for example: |
ññ. | ¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡ª×èͺؤ¤Å ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÒÁª×èͧ͢ºØ¤¤Å¹Ñé¹ æ â´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ ¢Í§ Ẻ Ãкº ÏÅÏ áÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ àªè¹
khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL cheuuF bookL khohnM haiF thapH sap[t]L dtaamM cheuuF khaawngR bookL khohnM nanH nanH dooyM chaiH khahmM bpraL gaawpL khaawngR baaepL raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF |
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