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µé¹  dtohnF
contents of this page
1.µé¹dtohnF[a prefix used for plant or tree names] plant; stalk; trunk
2.µé¹dtohnFsource; beginning point; origin; trunk; supporting part
3.µé¹dtohnF[is] first; chief; original; foremost; cardinal; principal; base; fundamental; elementary; beginning
4.µé¹dtohnFleader; chief; leading person
5.àº×éͧµé¹beuuangF dtohnFat the beginning
6.µé¹dtohnF[numerical classifier for plants]

pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thaiµé¹
IPAtôn
Royal Thai General Systemton

1. common Thai word   [noun]
definition
[a prefix used for plant or tree names] plant; stalk; trunk

notesMany plant names are prefixed with this word when referring to the entire plant (as opposed to its fruit, root, or nut).
examplesµé¹¡ÅéÒdtohnF glaaFsapling
µé¹¢éÒÇÊÒÅÕdtohnF khaaoF saaR leeMwheat
µé¹´ÔÅãªéà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧà·È
dtohnF dinM chaiH bpenM khreuuangF thaehtF
dill
µé¹µÃСÙÅdtohnF dtraL guunMancestry
µé¹¼éÒ»èÒdtohnF phaaF bpaaLmoney tree (on which gifts and money are presented to a temple)
µé¹äÁé dtohnF maaiHtree or plant
ÅÓµé¹lahmM dtohnFstem; tree trunk
sample
sentences
à¢ÒÁÕ»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì¨Ò¡­ÒµÔ·ÕèàÁ×ͧ¨Õ¹ ¨Ö§¹ÓÁÒ»ÃÐÂØ¡µì Êèǹ˹Öè§ä´é»ÅÙ¡¾×ªÊÁعä¾Ããµéµé¹¼ÅäÁé ªèÇ¢ѺäÅèáÁŧä´éÍÂèÒ§´Õ
khaoR meeM bpraL sohpL gaan[n]M jaakL yaatF theeF meuuangM jeenM jeungM nahmM maaM bpraL yook[d]H suaanL neungL daiF bpluukL pheuutF saL moonR phraiM dtaiF dtohnF phohnR laH maaiH chuayF khapL laiF maH laaengM daiF yaangL deeM
"He has experience from his relatives in China which he adapted; one (of these adaptations) was to plant medicinal herbs around his fruit trees which work very well to ward off insects."
·ÕèàÁ×ͧä·ÂµÍ¹¹Õé·ÕèÎÔµÁÒ¡àË繨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒÃàÃè§ãËéÅÓäÂÍÍ¡´Í¡µÔ´ÅÙ¡â´ÂãªéÊÒÃâ»áµÊà«ÕÂÁ¤ÅÍà÷ ÃÒ´ºÃÔàdz⤹µé¹.
theeF meuuangM thaiM dtaawnM neeH theeF hitH maakF henR jaL bpenM gaanM rehngF haiF lahmM yaiM aawkL daawkL dtitL luukF dooyM chaiH saanR bpohM dtaaetL siiamM khlaawM raehtF raatF bawL riH waehnM khohnM dtohnF
"In Thailand right now what seems to be a big hit (among dishonest gardeners) is to force longan trees to flower by pouring potassium chlorate onto the base of the trunks."
as a prefixµé¹¡¡ dtohnF gohkLflatsedge; Cyperus digitatus or another of the several hundred species of the genus Bakánoa (Cyperaceae); one of which is used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico as a visionary entheogen
µé¹¡ÃШٴdtohnF graL juutLbulrush, a [type of] reed
µé¹¡ÃÐà¨ÒdtohnF graL jaoMjute plant, genus Corchorus
µé¹¡ÃÐà¨ÕêºdtohnF graL jiiapHRozelle plant, Hibiscus subdariffa
µé¹¡ÃÐà¨ÕêºÁÍ­ dtohnF graL jiiapH maawnMokra, Hibiscus esculentus
µé¹¡ÃÐà©´dtohnF graL chaehtLthe plant, Neptunia oleracea
µé¹¡Ãдѧ§ÒdtohnF graL dangM ngaaMthe ilang or ylang tree, Canangium odorata
µé¹¡ÃÐâ´¹dtohnF graL dohnM[the plant,] Careya sphaerica Roxb. See also: µé¹¨Ô¡
µé¹¡ÃжԹdtohnF graL thinR[small tree with feathery leaves] Acacia farnisiana
µé¹¡ÃзèÍÁdtohnF graL thaawmFMitragyna speciosa (madder) plant, containing the addictive indole Mitragynine
µé¹¡ÃзԧdtohnF graL thingMa hardwood tree similar to mahogony, Calophyllum Guttiferae, Calophyllum Inophyllum
µé¹¡ÃÐà·ÕÂÁdtohnF graL thiiamMthe garlic plant, Allium
µé¹¡ÃкͧྪàdtohnF graL baawngM phaehtFcactus
µé¹¡ÃèÒ§dtohnF graangLthe banyan tree, Ficus bengalensis
µé¹¡ÅéÇ dtohnF gluayFa banana tree
µé¹¡ÅéÇÂäÁé dtohnF gluayF maaiHan orchid plant
µé¹¡Ðà¾ÃÒdtohnF graL phaoMthe basil plant, Ocimum sanctum
µé¹¡ÐËÅèÓ´Í¡dtohnF gaL lahmL daawkLthe cauliflower plant
µé¹¡ÐËÅèÓ»ÅÕdtohnF gaL lahmL bpleeMcabbage plant
µé¹¡Ò½Ò¡dtohnF gaaM faakL[a type of] hemiparasitic vine, Loranthus
µé¹á¡ÇdtohnF gaaeoMyam bean, potato bean, Pachyrrhizus erosus
µé¹á¡éÇdtohnF gaaeoFsatinwood, orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata, Murraya exotica
µé¹¢¨ÃdtohnF khaL jaawnMthe vine, Telosma minor
µé¹¢¹Ø¹dtohnF khaL noonRAfrican daisy, Gerbera jamesonii, Dimorphotheca aurantiaca
µé¹¢¹Ø¹ dtohnF khaL noonRthe jackfruit tree
µé¹¢éÒÇdtohnF khaaoFa rice plant
µé¹¢éÒÇâ¾´dtohnF khaaoF phohtFa corn plant
µé¹¢Ô§dtohnF khingRginger plant, Zingiber officinale
µé¹à¢çÁ dtohnF khemRlxora coccinea
µé¹¤ÃÑè§dtohnF khrangF
µé¹¤ÅØéÁ dtohnF khloomHbembam, Donax grandis (Marantaceae), a small bamboo-like plant, stalks used to weave fish traps
µé¹¤ÇÔ¹Ô¹ dtohnF khwiH ninMCinchona; Cinchona officinalis
µé¹¤ÓdtohnF khahmMAnnato tree, Bixa orellana
µé¹¤Ù¹dtohnF khuunMIndian laburnum, the drumstick tree, genus Cassia
µé¹â¤Á dtohnF khohmMcentury plant, Agave, Agave parryi
µé¹ä¤é¹éÓdtohnF khaiH naahmHHomonoia riparia (Euphorbiaceae)
µé¹§ÒdtohnF ngaaMthe sesame plant, Sesamum indicum
µé¹§ÔéÇdtohnF ngiuHred cotton tree, genus Bombax
µé¹à§ÒÐdtohnF ngawHrambutan plant, Nephelium lappaceum
µé¹á§ÐdtohnF ngaeHShorea obtusa (Dipterocarpaceae)
µé¹¨Í¡dtohnF jaawkLwatter cabbage, genus Pistia
µé¹¨Ñ¹dtohnF janM[southeast Asian tree] Diospyros decandra, giving the fragrant yellow fruit called qua thi
µé¹¨Ñ¹·¹ìdtohnF janMsandalwood tree
µé¹¨Ñ¹·¹ìà·ÈdtohnF janM tha[n]H thaehtFnutmeg tree
µé¹¨Ò¡dtohnF jaakLthe Nipa palm tree, Nypa fruticans
µé¹¨ÒÁ¨ØÃÕdtohnF jaamM jooL reeMacacia tree, raintree, Albizzia lebbeck
µé¹¨Ó»ÒdtohnF jahmM bpaaMChamp, Michelia champaca
µé¹¨Ó»ÕdtohnF jahmM bpeeMMichelia alba, Michelia Longifolia
µé¹¨Ô¡dtohnF jikL[the plant,] Indian ink, Baringtonia acutangula (Myrtaceae)
µé¹¨Ô¡dtohnF jikL[the plant,] Careya sphaerica Roxb. [See also: µé¹¡ÃÐâ´¹]
µé¹¨ÙËÅѹ dtohnF juuM lanRYulan, Magnolia denudata
µé¹ª§â¤dtohnF chohngM khohMpurple orchid tree; purple butterfly tree; pink butterfly tree; Bauhima purpurea
µé¹ªÁ¾ÙèdtohnF chohmM phuuFpink rose apple, Malay apple tree, Euginia jambos
µé¹ªÁ¾ÙèÁÐàËÁÕèÂÇdtohnF chohmM phuuF maH miaaoLmalay apple tree, Eugenia malaccensis
µé¹ªÐÅÙ´dtohnF chaH luutFAlyxia reinwardtii
µé¹ªÒ¼éÒÊÕ´Ò dtohnF chaayM phaaF seeR daaMqueen staghorn, the epiphyte Platycerium coronarium
µé¹àªÍÃìÃÕèdtohnF chuuhrM reeFcherry tree
µé¹àªÕèÂÇdtohnF chiaaoFShorea floribunda
µé¹«§ÍÙdtohnF sohngM uuMthe pomelo tree, Citrus maxima
µé¹«Ò¡dtohnF saakFSerianthes grandiflora a hardwood used for fuel
µé¹«Ò§dtohnF saangMthe pampas grass, Dendrocalamus strictus
µé¹´Í§´Ö§dtohnF daawngM deungMclimbing-lily; creeping-lily; flame-lily; glory-lily; Gloriosa superba
µé¹´ÒdtohnF daaMGarcinia xanthochymus (Guttiferae)
µé¹µÐâ¡dtohnF dtaL gohMpersimmon, genus Disopyros
µé¹µÐä¤ÃédtohnF dtaL khraiHlemongrass plant, Cymbopogon flexuosus
µé¹µÐàÀÒdtohnF dtaL phaoMsugarcane, Saccharum officinarum (Gramineae)
µé¹µÐÅÔ§»ÅÔ§dtohnF dtaL lingM bplingM[a tree with cucumber-like fruit] Averrboa bilimbi
µé¹µÐäÅ dtohnF dtaL laiMArfeuillea arborescens (Pierre)
µé¹µÒÅdtohnF dtaanM[certain types of palm tree, including] the sugar palm tree, and Borassus flabelifia
µé¹µÕ¹¡ÒdtohnF dteenM gaaMa grass, Eleusine indica
µé¹àµÂdtohnF dteeuyMthe Pandanus palm tree, Pandanus odoratissimus
µé¹âµ¹´dtohnF dtaL nohtLplants of genus Citrullus
µé¹¶ÑèÇÅÔʧdtohnF thuaaL liH sohngRpeanut, groundnut, Arachis hypogaea
µé¹·éÍ dtohnF thaawHa peach tree, Prunus persica
µé¹·Ñº·ÔÁdtohnF thapH thimMthe pomegranate tree, Punica granatum
µé¹ä·ÃdtohnF saiMbanyan tree, Ficus bengalensis
µé¹ºÍ¹dtohnF baawnMtropical plants of the genus Caladium, cultivated for their ornamental foliage, variously patterned in white, green, pink, or red.
µé¹àºÔÃìªdtohnF beertLthe birch tree
µé¹âºµÑë¹dtohnF bohM dtanRnight blooming cereus; orchid cactus Epiphyllum oxypetalum
µé¹»Ã§dtohnF bprohngMthe sago palm, Acrostichum speciosum
µé¹»Ã§dtohnF bprohngMcycas palm tree, Cycas rumphii (Cycadaceae)
µé¹»ÃдÙèdtohnF bpraL duuLPterocarpus cambodianus (Leguminosae)
µé¹»ÃдÙèdtohnF bpraL duuLCrudia chrysantha (Leguminosae)
µé¹»ÃÒ§ dtohnF bpraangMmaprang, marian plum, Bouea burmanica (Anacardiaceae)
µé¹½ÃÑè§¢Õ鹡dtohnF faL rangL kheeF nohkH[plant] a species of red-reeded and round-shaped ½ÃÑè§  (guava)
µé¹½Ò§dtohnF faangRsappan tree, Caesalpinia sappan
µé¹½Ò´dtohnF faatLwhite mangrove, Lumnitzera
µé¹½éÒ dtohnF faayFcotton plant, genus Gossypium
µé¹½Ôè¹dtohnF finLopium poppy plant, Papaver somniferum
µé¹¾ÅǧdtohnF phluaangM[a tropical tree] Dipterocarpus tuberculatus
µé¹¾ÅѺ¾ÅÖ§dtohnF phlapH phleungMlily
µé¹¾ÅÑÁdtohnF phlamMplum tree
µé¹¾ÅÙdtohnF phluuMbetel vine, Piper betel (Piperaceae)
µé¹¾Ðà¹Õ§dtohnF phaH niiangM[a tropical tree with edible seeds] Archidendron jiringa
µé¹¾Ô¡ØÅdtohnF phiH goonMbullet wood, Mimusops
µé¹¾ÕªdtohnF pheetFpeach tree
µé¹á¾§¾ÇÂdtohnF phaaengM phuayMJussieua repens
µé¹á¾ÃìdtohnF phaae[r]Mpear tree
µé¹ä¾dtohnF phaiM (Leguminosae)
µé¹¿Ñ¡·Í§dtohnF fakH thaawngMthe plant of a gourd, the seminole pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata
µé¹à¿Ô¹ dtohnF feernM[Thai transcription of the foreign loanword, "fern"]
µé¹á¿§ dtohnF faaengMthe vegetable marrow, Cucurbita pepo
µé¹ÁС͡dtohnF maH gaawkLolive tree
µé¹ÁТÒÁdtohnF maH khaamRtamarind tree, Tamarindus indica
µé¹ÁйÒÇdtohnF maH naaoMthe lemon tree
µé¹ÁоÃéÒÇdtohnF maH phraaoHcoconut tree, Cocos nucifera
µé¹ÁÐÂÁdtohnF maH yohmMthe star gooseberry Phyllanthus distichus
µé¹ÁÐÅС͠dtohnF maH laH gaawMthe papaya tree
µé¹Áѧ¤Ø´dtohnF mangM khootHmangosteen tree
µé¹Áѹ½ÃÑè§dtohnF manM faL rangLthe potato plant
µé¹âÁ¡dtohnF mohkFthe shrub Wrightia religiosa (Apocynaceae)
µé¹ÂÍdtohnF yaawMMorinda citrifolia
µé¹ÂÒ§dtohnF yaangMthe rubber tree
µé¹ÂÕèʧdtohnF yeeF sohngRthe groundnut plant
µé¹ÂÕèÊØè¹dtohnF yeeF soonLAfrican marigold, Tagetes putala
µé¹ÂÕèÊØè¹dtohnF yeeF soonLRosa damascena
µé¹ÂÙ§dtohnF yuungMGarjan tree, Dipterocarpus turbinatus
µé¹Ã§dtohnF rohngMgamboge tree, Garcinia hanburyi
µé¹ÃÍ¡dtohnF raawkFElaeocarpus sp.
µé¹ÃСÓdtohnF raH gahmMthe Rakam tree, Salacca wallichiana
µé¹ÃÑ¡dtohnF rakHblack lacquer tree, Melanorrhoea usitata
µé¹ÃѧdtohnF rangMingyin tree, Pentacme siamensis
µé¹ÃÒ´ªÐ¾ÃÖ¡dtohnF raatF chaH phreukH[the plant] golden shower tree, Cassia fistula
µé¹ÃÒµÃÕdtohnF raaM dtreeMnight jasmine, Cestrum nocturnum
µé¹àÃèÇdtohnF raayoFbastard cardamom, Amomum xanthiodes
µé¹ÅÐÁØ´dtohnF laH mootHthe Sapodilla tree, Achras sapota
µé¹ÅÐËØè§dtohnF laH hoongLthe castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis
µé¹ÅÓäÂdtohnF lahmM yaiMlongan plant
µé¹ÅÔ鹨ÕèdtohnF linH jeeLlychee tree, Litchi chinensis
µé¹àÅÕºdtohnF liiapFFicus insectica
µé¹âÅ´dtohnF lohtFAporosa vilosa
µé¹Ê¹dtohnF sohnRpine tree; conifer; pine; genus Pinus
µé¹Ê¹Øè¹dtohnF saL noonLwillow; a large and widespread genus varying in size from small shrubs to large trees, genus Salix
µé¹ÊéÁdtohnF sohmFany tree bearing citrus fruit
µé¹ÊéÁâÍdtohnF sohmF ohMgrapefruit tree
µé¹ÊÁÕdtohnF saL meeRSesbania aegyptiaca
µé¹ÊÅÍ´dtohnF saL laawtLeuphorbiaceous plants of the genus Croton
µé¹ÊÅÐdtohnF saL laLthe snake palm, Zalacca wallichiana
µé¹ÊÅÑ´ä´dtohnF saL latL daiMa plant, Euphorbia lacei
µé¹ÊÅÔ´dtohnF saL litL[the plant] Trichopodus pectoralis
µé¹ÊÇÒ´dtohnF saL waatLclimbing plant with green-gray nuts
µé¹ÊÇÒ·dtohnF saL waatLBrazilwood tree, Caesalpinia crista
µé¹ÊÐàµÒdtohnF saL dtaoMneem tree, Melia indica
µé¹Êзé͹dtohnF saL thaawnHa tall fruit tree, Millettia buteoides
µé¹ÊÑ¡dtohnF sakLteak tree
µé¹ÊѺ»ÐôdtohnF sapL bpaL rohtHthe pineapple tree, Ananas comosus
µé¹ÊÒdtohnF saaRthe mulberry tree, Broussonetia papyrifera
µé¹ÊÒà¡dtohnF saaR gaehMbreadfruit tree, Artocarpus incisa, Artocarpus nobilis
µé¹ÊÒ¤ÙdtohnF saaR khuuMMetroxylon sagu, the sago palm
µé¹ÊÒÃÀÕdtohnF saanR pheeM[a tropical tree found in Thailand with small white flowers] Mammea siamensis
µé¹ÊÒÅÐdtohnF saaR laH[tree] Shorea robusta Roxb. (Dipterocarpaceae)
µé¹àÊÅÒdtohnF saL laoRthe laza wood tree, lagerstroemia tomentosa
µé¹áÊ´dtohnF saaetLbell apple; Jamaica honeysuckle; passionflower
µé¹áÊÁdtohnF saL maaeR[tree of the family Myrsinaceae]
µé¹âʳdtohnF sohnRname of a plant
µé¹âʹdtohnF saL nohRsanor tree, Sesbania javanica
µé¹âÊÁdtohnF sohmRginseng, Penax schinseng, soma, Sarcostemma actaum
µé¹Ë­éÒ½ÃÑè¹dtohnF yaaF faL ranFsaffron, Crocus sativus
µé¹ËÁÒ¡dtohnF maakLthe betel palm tree, Areca catechu
µé¹ËÁÒÁØéÂdtohnF maaR muyHcowhage, cowage, a leguminous tropical woody climbing plant with irritating hairs, genus Mucuna
µé¹ËÇéÒdtohnF waaFjambolan plum; black plum; Syzygium cumini
µé¹ËÇÒÂdtohnF waayRrattan plant, genus Calamus
µé¹ËÍÁ dtohnF haawmRgreen onions; scallions
µé¹á˹dtohnF naaeRduckweed
µé¹áËéÇdtohnF haaeoFwater chestnut; water caltrop; any aquatic plant of the genus Trapa, bearing an edible, nutlike fruit, esp. T. natans
µé¹âËÃоÒdtohnF roL phaaMthe sweet basil plant, Ocimum basilicum
µé¹ä˹dtohnF naiRZiziphus jujuba, the jujube tree, Chinese dates
µé¹ÍéÍÂdtohnF aawyFsugarcane, Saccharum officinarum
µé¹ÍÔ¹·¼ÅÑÁdtohnF iL nohtH phlamRthe date palm tree, Phoenix dactylifera
µé¹áÍ»à»ÔéÅdtohnF aaepL bpeernFapple tree
µé¹âÍê¡dtohnF ohkHoak tree
2.   
definition
source; beginning point; origin; trunk; supporting part

examples¢éÒ§µé¹khaangF dtohnFat the beginning
µé¹¹éÓdtohnF naahmHsource of a river
µé¹»ÕdtohnF bpeeMbeginning of the year
µé¹ä¿dtohnF faiMsource of a fire
µé¹àÃ×èͧdtohnF reuuangForigin or source of the story
µé¹à˵ØdtohnF haehtLsource or cause of the trouble
µÑé§µé¹dtangF dtohnFto begin; start; commence
àÊÁ͵é¹àÊÁÍ»ÅÒÂsaL muuhrR dtohnF saL muuhrR bplaayM[is] stable; constant; consistent; steady; same as before
3.   [attributive verb]
definition
[is] first; chief; original; foremost; cardinal; principal; base; fundamental; elementary; beginning

examples¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàº×éͧµé¹gaanM seukL saaR beuuangF dtohnFprimary education
¤Ó·ÕèµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒÍÍ¡àÊÕ§à»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµÑǵèÍä»´éÇ ãËé¶×ÍËÅѡࡳ±ì´Ñ§¹Õé
khahmM theeF dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF aawkL siiangR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtuaaM dtaawL bpaiM duayF haiF theuuR lakL gaehn[t]M dangM neeH
In a word in which the final consonant of a syllable also serves to sound out of the subsequent syllable, the following rules apply:
µé¹á¢¹dtohnF khaaenRupper arm
µé¹¤ÍdtohnF khaawMbase of the neck
µé¹©ºÑºdtohnF chaL bapLoriginal manuscript
µé¹·Ø¹dtohnF thoonMcost; startup investment capital; principal; asset
µé¹ä¿dtohnF faiMthe source of a fire
µé¹ÃèÒ§dtohnF raangFprimary source document
µÍ¹µé¹dtaawnM dtohnFbeginning
¶éÒà»ç¹¤Ó·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàµÔÁ»Ñ¨¨Ñ àªè¹ -er, -ing, -ic, or –y áÅСÒ÷ѺÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡Äɴѧ¢éÍ ÷.ò ÍÒ¨·ÓãËéÍÍ¡àÊÕ§¼Ô´ä»¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁÁÒ¡ ãËé«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµé¹Íա˹Öè§à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹à¤éÒ¤Óà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF bpenM khahmM theeF geertL jaakL gaanM dteermM bpatL jaiM chehnF -er, -ing, -ic, or –y laeH gaanM thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dangM khaawF aatL thahmM haiF aawkL siiangR phitL bpaiM jaakL phaaM saaR deermM maakF haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtohnF eekL neungL pheuuaF haiF henR khaaoH khahmM deermM chehnF
If the word is one which arises from the use of a suffix such as -er, -ing, -ic, or –y and the use of rule 7.2 above results in a sound significantly at variance with the original English word, one should double the final consonant in order to be able to recognize the source of the original word, for example:
¶éÒ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹ÍÂÙè¡ÅÒ§ÈѾ·ìãËé¶×ÍÇèÒ ¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹µÑÇááà»ç¹µÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒ áÅоÂÑ­ª¹Ð«é͹µÑÇËÅѧà»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» ©Ð¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃãªé¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´áÅоÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹ ¨ÐµèÒ§¡Ñ¹µÒÁËÅѡࡳ±ì¡ÒÃà·Õº¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðã¹µÒÃÒ§¢éÒ§·éÒ àªè¹
thaaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH yuuL glaangM sap[t]L haiF theuuR waaF phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM raaekF bpenM dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF laeH phaH yanM chaH naH saawnH dtuaaM langR bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chaL nanH gaanM chaiH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL laeH phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF jaL dtaangL ganM dtaamM lakL gaehn[t]M gaanM thiiapF phaH yanM chaH naH naiM dtaaM raangM khaangF thaayH chehnF
If the double letters occur in the middle of the word, the rules are: the first letter of the double is the last consonant of the prior syllable and the second consonant is the initial of the next syllable. Therefore, the expression of the first and second letters of the double will differ according to the rules set forth in the Consonant Table, for example:
¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹àÊÕ§ÊÃÐÍÐ «Öè§àÁ×èͷѺÈѾ·ìµéͧãªéÃÙ»äÁéËѹÍÒ¡ÒÈ ãËé«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà¢éÒÍÕ¡µÑÇ˹Öè§à¾×èÍà»ç¹¾ÂÑ­ª¹Ðµé¹¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµèÍä» àªè¹
thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM siiangR saL raL aL seungF meuuaF thapH sap[t]L dtaawngF chaiH ruupF maaiH hanR aaM gaatL haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF khaoF eekL dtuaaM neungL pheuuaF bpenM phaH yanM chaH naH dtohnF khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtaawL bpaiM chehnF
If the vowel associated with the first syllable is an /-a-/ sound which uses the "stick turning in air" vowel in the transcription, one should double the transcribed consonant for use again as the initial consonant in the subsequent syllable, for example:
·ºµé¹thohpH dtohnF[finance, banking] [of interest] to compound
·ºµé¹thohpH dtohnF[banking] [of interest] [is] compound
à»ç¹µé¹bpenM dtohnFfor example; for instance; e.g. (exempli gratia)
ÀÒÉÒµé¹phaaM saaR dtohnFsource language; original language
äÁéÂ×¹µé¹maaiH yeuunM dtohnFperennial plant
¡àÇé¹ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õè¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡ª×èͺؤ¤Å à»ç¹ª×èÍ੾ÒзÕèà»ç¹·ÕèÃÙé¨Ñ¡¡Ñ¹·ÑèÇä»ã¹áµèÅÐǧ¡Òà «Öè§ÍÒ¨Êѧࡵä´é¨Ò¡¡Ò÷Õèã¹ ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉäÁèä´éãªéÍÑ¡ÉõÑÇãË­è¢Öé¹µé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
yohkH wehnH naiM gaL raH neeM theeF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL cheuuF bookL khohnM bpenM cheuuF chaL phawH theeF bpenM theeF ruuH jakL ganM thuaaF bpaiM naiM dtaaeL laH wohngM gaanM seungF aatL sangR gaehtL daiF jaakL gaanM theeF naiM phaaM saaR angM gritL maiF daiF chaiH akL saawnR dtuaaM yaiL kheunF dtohnF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF
An exception exists where an adjective which was derived from the name of a specific person is a proper name but is commonly and generally known in circles in which it is used. One may discern these words by the fact that such words are not capitalized in English. These words should take the form of an ordinary adjective.
àÃÔèÁµé¹reermF dtohnFto begin
Çѵé¹waiM dtohnFchildhood; first years
sample
sentences
àª×éÍà¾ÅÔ§ªÕÇÀÒ¾à»ç¹µé¹à˵ØÊӤѭ·Õè·ÓãËéÃҤҢͧ¢éÒÇáÅоתÍÒËÒ÷Ñé§ËÅÒ¢ÂѺµÑÇÊÙ§¢Öé¹¾ÃÇ´¾ÃÒ´
cheuuaH phleerngM cheeM waH phaapF bpenM dtohnF haehtL sahmR khanM theeF thahmM haiF raaM khaaM khaawngR khaaoF laeH pheuutF aaM haanR thangH laayR khaL yapL dtuaaM suungR kheunF phruaatF phraatF
"(Growing) plants for bio-fuel is an important reason for the dramatic increase the price of rice and many other food grains."
µé¹à´×͹˹éÒàÃÒ¨Ðä»à·ÕèÂÇËÑÇËÔ¹
dtohnF deuuanM naaF raoM jaL bpaiM thiaaoF huaaR hinR
"We are going for a holiday at Hua Hin at the beginning of next month."
µé¹ÃéÒ»ÅÒ´Õ
dtohnF raayH bplaayM deeM
"All’s well that ends well."
ã¹àº×éͧµé¹à¨éÒ˹éÒ·ÕèÊѹ¹ÔɰҹÇèÒ¤¹ÃéÒÂàÅç´ÅÍ´ ÅÑ¡Åͺ¹ÓÃÐàºÔ´ÁÒÇÒ§äÇé¢éÒ§»Ãе٪èǧ»ÅÍ´¤¹
naiM beuuangF dtohnF jaoF naaF theeF sanR nitH thaanR waaF khohnM raayH letH laawtF lakH laawpF nahmM raH beertL maaM waangM waiH khaangF bpraL dtuuM chuaangF bplaawtL khohnM
"Initially, the authorities theorized that the terrorists infiltrated and smuggled in bombs and placed them near the entrance when no one was around."
4.   [noun]
definition
leader; chief; leading person

examplesµé¹àÃ×ÍdtohnF reuuaMship's captain
µé¹àÊÕ§dtohnF siiangRchoirmaster
µé¹Ë¹dtohnF hohnRnavigator
5. àº×éͧµé¹  beuuangF dtohnF  [adjective, adverb]
definition
at the beginning

6.   [classifier]
definition
[numerical classifier for plants]

enumerated
nouns
µé¹¢Ô§dtohnF khingRginger plant, Zingiber officinale
µé¹¡ÃкͧྪàdtohnF graL baawngM phaehtFcactus
¢Ö鹩èÒ kheunF chaayLcelery
àÊÒ saoRpole; pillar; post; stake; stilt
¼Ñ¡â¢ÁphakL khohmRChinese spinach, vegetable amaranth, and other plants of Amaranthus or pigweeds, hogweeds, Boerhavia
àÊÒ saoRmast of a sailboat
µé¹¨ÒÁ¨ØÃÕdtohnF jaamM jooL reeMacacia tree, raintree, Albizzia lebbeck
µé¹µÐä¤ÃédtohnF dtaL khraiHlemongrass plant, Cymbopogon flexuosus
µé¹ÊÑ¡dtohnF sakLteak tree
ÇѪ¾×ªwatH pheuutFweed
¼Ñ¡µÃСÙÅ¢Ö鹩èÒÂphakL dtraL guunM kheunF chaayLcelery
˹èÍäÁé½ÃÑè§ naawL maaiH faL rangLasparagus
µé¹äÁé dtohnF maaiHtree or plant
µé¹¼éÒ»èÒdtohnF phaaF bpaaLmoney tree (on which gifts and money are presented to a temple)
µé¹äÁé»ÃдѺºéÒ¹dtohnF maaiH bpraL dapL baanFhouseplant
äÁé»ÃдѺmaaiH bpraL dapLhouseplant
µé¹äÁéàÅç¡ ædtohnF maaiH lekH lekHsmall flora; [i.e.] bushes; plants
¼Ñ¡¢ÁphakL khohmRspinach-like Thai vegetable, Amaranthus spinosus
àÊÒà¢çÁsaoR khemRfoundation piling
examples
¾ØèÁäÁé·ÕèÍÂÙèãµéµé¹Í×è¹
phoomF maaiH theeF yuuL dtaiF dtohnF euunL
underbrush
à¾Òеé¹äÁé¢ÒÂphawH dtohnF maaiH khaayRto operate a horticultural nursery; to grow trees for sale
sample
sentences