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ÏÅÏ  
pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thai
IPA
Royal Thai General System

 [conjunction, abbreviation]
definition
[indicating "major omission"] etc.; et cetera; &c

synonymä»ÂÒÅãË­èbpaiM yaanM yaiL[name of the mark] 'ÏÅÏ'
related wordsÏ[indicating abbreviation, or "minor omission"] etc., et cetera, &c
áÅÐÍ×è¹ æ ÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂlaeH euunL euunL eekL maakF maayMet cetera
examples
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡ª×èͺؤ¤Å ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÒÁª×èͧ͢ºØ¤¤Å¹Ñé¹ æ â´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ ¢Í§ Ẻ Ãкº ÏÅÏ áÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ àªè¹
khamM khoonM naH sap[t]L theeF maaM jaakL cheuuF bookL khohnM haiF thapH sap[t]L dtaamM cheuuF khaawngR bookL khohnM nanH nanH dooyM chaiH khamM bpraL gaawpL khaawngR baaepL raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF
Adjectives which are derived from person’s names should be transcribed following the transcription of the person’s name (not the adjectival form) through the use of the a connecting words ¢Í§  Ẻ  Ãкº  etc. depending on the particular meaning, for example:
¶éҤӤسÈѾ·ì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂÇèÒ "à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñº" ËÃ×Í "à¡ÕèÂÇà¹×èͧ¨Ò¡" ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ àªÔ§ Ẻ ÍÂèÒ§ ·Ò§ ª¹Ô´ Ãкº ÏÅÏ áÅéÇáµè¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ àªè¹
thaaF khamM khoonM naH sap[t]L nanH meeM khwaamM maayR waaF giaaoL khaawngF gapL reuuR giaaoL neuuangF jaakL khamM naamM nanH haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khamM naamM dooyM chaiH khamM bpraL gaawpL cheerngM baaepL yaangL thaangM chaH nitH raH bohpL laaeoH dtaaeL khwaamM maayR chehnF
If the adjective has the meaning of "concerning, involving" or "connected, related to" the noun should be transcribed in the noun form using a compound word (a combined Thai and English word) and the Thai connectors, àªÔ§  Ẻ  ÍÂèÒ§  ·Ò§  ª¹Ô´  Ãкº  and the like, depending on the particular meaning, for example:
¶éÒµéͧ¡ÒÃà¹é¹ÇèÒ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹à»ç¹ÊÔè§·ÕèÁÕËÅÒª¹Ô´áÅФӤسÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺà»ç¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Ö觢ͧ¤Ó¹ÒÁ¹Ñé¹ ÍÒ¨·ÑºÈѾ·ìâ´Âãªé¤Ó»ÃСͺ Ẻ ª¹Ô´ Ãкº ÏÅÏ ÁÒá·Ã¡äÇéÃÐËÇèÒ§¤Ó¹ÒÁ¡Ñº¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
thaaF dtaawngF gaanM nehnH waaF khamM naamM nanH bpenM singL theeF meeM laayR chaH nitH laeH khamM khoonM naH sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL bpenM chaH nitH neungL khaawngR khamM naamM nanH aatL thapH sap[t]L dooyM chaiH khamM bpraL gaawpL baaepL chaH nitH raH bohpL maaM saaekF waiH raH waangL khamM naamM gapL khamM khoonM naH sap[t]L chehnF
If one wishes to emphasize the fact that a particular noun is one of many elements in a series and the adjective associated with that noun is one of those elements, one may transcribe using a Thai combining word such as Ẻ  (model) ª¹Ô´  (kind or type) Ãкº  (method or system), such as:
sample
sentences
¤¹¡Ô¹à¨¤Çô×èÁ¹éÓ¼ÅäÁéÊ´ æ µÒÁ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ àªè¹ ¹éÓÊéÁ¹éÓÁÐà¢×Íà·È ¹éÓÊѺ»Ðô ¹éÓÍéÍ ¹éÓÁоÃéÒÇ ÏÅÏ
khohnM ginM jaehM khuaanM deuumL naamH phohnR laH maaiH sohtL sohtL dtaamM thamM maH chaatF chehnF naamH sohmF naamH maH kheuuaR thaehtF naamH sapL bpaL rohtH naamH aawyF naamH maH phraaoH
"Vegetarians should drink fresh, natural fruit juice, for example, orange juice, tomato juice, pineapple juice, sugar cane juice, coconut juice, and others."
¤Ó¹ÒÁ ä´éá¡è¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹ áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì àªè¹ ä¡èºéÒ¹ ä¡è»èÒ ªéÒ§º¡ ¤ÃÙà´ç¡ ¤ÃÙ¼ÙéãË­è ÏÅÏ
khamM naamM daiF gaaeL khamM naamM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L chehnF gaiL baanF gaiL bpaaL chaangH bohkL khruuM dekL khruuM phuuF yaiL
Nouns: specifically, nouns which are combined with other types of words and perform the same function as modifiers, for example, “domestic fowl,” “wild fowl,” “[terrestrial] elephant,” “a teacher of students,” and “a senior teacher.”
¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìá·é ä´éá¡è¤Ó ´Õ ªÑèÇ ÊÙ§ µèÓ ´Ó ¢ÒÇ ÂÒÇ ÊÑé¹ ãË­è àÅç¡ ÏÅÏ
khamM wiH saeht[n]L thaaeH daiF gaaeL khamM deeM chuaaF suungR dtamL damM khaaoR yaaoM sanF yaiL lekH
True modifiers, such as the following words: “good,” “evil,” “high,” “low,” “black,” “white,” “long,” “short,” “big,” “small,” etc.
¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×ÍÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ ÊÔè§¹Õé àªè¹ ¹Õè ¹Ñè¹ â¹è¹ ¹Õé ¹Ñé¹ â¹é¹ ·Ñé§¹Õé ·Ñé§¹Ñé¹ ÍÂèÒ§¹Õé ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á·é ¨ÃÔ§ ੾ÒÐ àͧ ´Í¡ á¹è¹Í¹ ·Õà´ÕÂÇ à·ÕÂÇ à¨ÕÂÇ ÏÅÏ
niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jamM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL nanH singL neeH chehnF neeF nanF nohnF neeH nanH nohnH thangH neeH thangH nanH yaangL neeH yaangL nanH dangM neeH dangM nanH thaaeH jingM chaL phawH aehngM daawkL naaeF naawnM theeM diaaoM thiaaoM jiaaoM
“Demonstrative modifiers” are modifiers which serve to specify or limit the related word to a specific meaning or a specific item; such words include, “this,” “that,” “that one over there,” “all of these,” “all of those,” “like this,” “like that,” “as follows,” “like this (or that),” “truly,” “specifically,” “only this,” “at all,” “certainly,” “absolutely,” “certainly,” “surely, positively,” etc.
ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹¹Ñº àªè¹ ˹Öè§ Êͧ ÊÒÁ ÊÕè ËéÒ ·Õè˹Öè§ ·ÕèÊͧ ·ÕèÊÒÁ ·ÕèÊÕè ·ÕèËéÒ ÏÅÏ ¨Ðãªéà»ç¹µÑÇàÅ¢ ËÃ×͵ÑÇ˹ѧÊ×Í¡çä´é
baawkL jamM nuaanM napH chehnF neungL saawngR saamR seeL haaF theeF neungL theeF saawngR theeF saamR theeF seeL theeF haaF jaL chaiH bpenM dtuaaM laehkF reuuR dtuaaM nangR seuuR gaawF daiF
To indicate a counting number, such as “one ,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” “fifth,” etc.; in this context, both numerical and word notations may be used.
ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×ÍÁÔä´éºÍ¡ªÑ´Å§ä»ÇèÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹à·èÒ¹Õé à»ç¹áµè¡Ó˹´ÇèÒÁÒ¡ËÃ×͹éÍ«Ö觾ͨÐÃÙé¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂä´éâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒ³ àªè¹ ÁÒ¡ ¹éÍ ËÅÒ ·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¨Ø ·Ñ駻ǧ ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ºÃÃ´Ò ¤¹ÅÐ ÊÔè§ÅÐ µèÒ§ ºÒ§ ºéÒ§ ¡Ñ¹ ÏÅÏ àªè¹
baawkL jamM nuaanM bpaL riH maanM kheuuM miH daiF baawkL chatH lohngM bpaiM waaF thaoF nanH thaoF neeH bpenM dtaaeL gamM nohtL waaF maakF reuuR naawyH seungF phaawM jaL ruuH khwaamM maayR daiF dooyM bpaL riH maanM chehnF maakF naawyH laayR thangH laayR jooL thangH bpuaangM thangH mohtL banM daaM khohnM laH singL laH dtaangL baangM baangF ganM chehnF
To indicate a quantity, although it is not necessary that the number be precise; the modifier may indicate “many” or “a few” just to show an approximation of the amount. Examples include, “a lot,” “few,” “many,” “all of,” “much,” “the entirety of,” “all of,” “complete,” “each one of,” “one of,” “each and every,” “some,” “partly,” “each other,” etc. Some examples include:
»ÃÐà·Èä·ÂÁպؤ¤ÅÒ¡ÃÁÒ¡ÁÒ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃͺÃÙé·Ñé§´éÒ¹¡®ËÁÒÂÃÐËÇèÒ§»ÃÐà·È ´éÒ¹¡Ò÷ٵ ´éÒ¹»ÃÐÇѵÔÈÒʵÃì ´éÒ¹ÀÙÁÔÈÒʵÃì ´éÒ¹ÍÒøÃÃÁ ´éҹἹ·Õè ÏÅÏ
bpraL thaehtF thaiM meeM bookL khaH laaM gaawnM maakF maayM theeF meeM khwaamM raawpF ruuH thangH daanF gohtL maayR raH waangL bpraL thaehtF daanF gaanM thuutF daanF bpraL watL saat[dr]L daanF phuuM miH saat[dr]L daanF aaM raH yaH thamM daanF phaaenR theeF
"Thailand possesses many people who are technically skilled and well-in formed in matters of international law, diplomacy, history, geography, civilization, cartography, etc."
»Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺà¹×éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁʧÊÑ àªè¹ ã´ ä˹ äà ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà äËÁ Íѹ㴠ÍÂèÒ§äà à·èÒäà ä ËÃ×ÍË¹Í ÏÅÏ
bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL neuuaH khwaamM theeF bpenM khamM thaamR reuuR khwaamM sohngR saiR chehnF daiM naiR raiM geeL aL raiM thamM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM maiR anM daiM yaangL raiM thaoF raiM yaiM reuuR naawR
“Interrogative modifier” is a modifier which is part of a question sentence structure or a structure indicating doubt, for example, “whichever,” “which,” “what,” “how many,” “what,” “why,” “why,” “how,” “(interrogatory),” “whichever,” “which way,” “how many,” “why,” “or what,” etc. Examples are:
ÁÕ¢éͤÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñ¹ àªè¹ ·Õè «Öè§ Íѹ ÍÂèÒ§·Õè ª¹Ô´·Õè ãËé ÇèÒ ·ÕèÇèÒ ¤×Í à¾×èÍ ãËé à¾×èÍÇèÒ ÏÅÏ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
meeM khaawF khwaamM giaaoL khaawngF ganM chehnF theeF seungF anM yaangL theeF chaH nitH theeF haiF waaF theeF waaF kheuuM pheuuaF haiF pheuuaF waaF dtuaaM yaangL
Examples include, “that, which, or whom,” “which,” “which, that, or whom,” “in an instance where,” “in order that,” “that,” “as indicated,” “that is,” and “so that,” “in order to,” “in case of,” and others. Sample sentences:
ÅѡɳÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡ÅѡɳеèÒ§ æ àªè¹ ºÍ¡ª¹Ô´, ÊÕ, Êѳ°Ò¹, ¢¹Ò´, àÊÕ§, ÍÒ¡ÒÃ, ¡ÅÔè¹, ÃÊ, ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ à»ç¹µé¹ àªè¹
´Õ, ªÑèÇ, ¢ÒÇ, ´Ó, ¡ÅÁ, ẹ, ãË­è, àÅç¡, â¤ÃÁ, à»ÃÕé§, àÃçÇ, ªéÒ, ËÍÁ, àËÁç¹, à»ÃÕéÂÇ, ËÇÒ¹, Ãé͹, àÂç¹ ÏÅÏ

lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL lakH saL naL dtaangL dtaangL chehnF baawkL chaH nitH seeR sanR thaanR khaL naatL siiangR aaM gaanM glinL rohtH khwaamM ruuH seukL bpenM dtohnF chehnF deeM chuaaF khaaoR damM glohmM baaenM yaiL lekH khrohmM bpriiangF reoM chaaH haawmR menR bpriaaoF waanR raawnH yenM
“Modifiers describing characteristics” which are combined with other words to describe various characteristics, such as describing the type, color, shape, size, sound, symptom, smell, taste, and feel, for example:
“good,” “evil,” “white,” “black,” “round,” “flat,” “large,” “small,” “thudding,” “thundering,” “fast, “slow,” “fragrant,” “stinky,” “sour,” “sweet,” “hot,” “cold,” etc.
ʶҹÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡Ê¶Ò¹·Õè àªè¹ º¹ ÅèÒ§ à˹×Í ãµé ã¡Åé ä¡Å º¡ ¹éÓ ºéÒ¹ »èÒ ÏÅÏ
saL thaanR naH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL saL thaanR theeF chehnF bohnM laangF neuuaR dtaiF glaiF glaiM bohkL naamH baanF bpaaL
“Locational modifiers” are those that enhance words to indicate location, for example, “over,” “under,” “above,” “below,” “near,” “far,” “on land,” “on the water,” “at home,” “in the forest,” etc.
͹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁäÁèªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹ àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×Í ÊÔè§¹Õé ÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ àªè¹ ã´ äà ä˹ ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà ÏÅÏ áµè¾Ö§ÊѧࡵÇèÒ ¤Ó¾Ç¡¹Õé¨ÐµéͧäÁèãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊÑ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ »Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM maiF cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jamM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL neeH singL nanH chehnF daiM raiM naiR geeL aL raiM thamM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM dtaaeL pheungM sangR gaehtL waaF khamM phuaakF neeH jaL dtaawngF maiF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khamM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khamM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khamM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR riiakF waaF bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L dtuaaM yaangL
“Indefinite modifiers” are modifiers which express non-specificity or provide a delimiter that something is like this or that, or this thing or that thing; for example, the words “whatever,” “whichever,” “wherever,” “how,” “any,” “how many,” “which,” “why,” “why so ever,” and “how so ever.” However, one should observe that these words, in order to be indefinite modifiers, should not be used in interrogatory sentences or in sentences which indicate doubt; if these words are used in sentences which indicate interrogatories or doubts, they are called, “interrogatory modifiers.” [See below.] Examples include,

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