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1.  [adjective]
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| definition | [most commonly used term] poor; penniless; having nothing; impoverished
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| related words | ¢Ñ´Ê¹ | khatL sohnR | [is] needy |
Íѵ¤Ñ´  | atL khatH | destitute; penniless; down and out; impoverished; indigent; insolvent; moneyless; penurious; poor; poverty-stricken |
ÂÒ¡¨¹ | yaakF johnM | [commonly used term] destitute, penniless, financially or materially poor |
Íѵ¤Ñ´¢Ñ´Ê¹  | atL khatH khatL sohnR | on one's uppers; (to live) in straitened circumstances; destitute; penniless; down and out; impoverished; indigent; insolvent; moneyless; penurious; poor; poverty-stricken |
äÊéáËé§  | saiF haaengF | [usually preceded by ¹Ñ¡à¢Õ¹ or ¹Ñ¡»Ãоѹ¸ì ] destitute; in straitened circumstances |
¢é¹á¤é¹  | khohnF khaaenH | Íѵ¤Ñ´ (destitute); ¢Ñ´Ê¹ (needy) |
ÂÒ¡¨¹¢é¹á¤é¹  | yaakF johnM khohnF khaaenH | extremely destitute, impoverished, poverty-stricken and needy |
| examples | ¤¹¨¹ | khohnM johnM | the poor |
¨¹¡Ãͺ | johnM graawpL | poor; destitute |
¨¹´éÇÂà¡ÅéÒ | johnM duayF glaoF | [is] baffled |
¨¹áµéÁ | johnM dtaaemF | [is] cornered; maneuvered; checkmated; stalled; held at bay |
ÂÒ¡¨¹ | yaakF johnM | [commonly used term] destitute, penniless, financially or materially poor |
¤ÇÒÁÂÒ¡¨¹ | khwaamM yaakF johnM | poverty |
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á¹Ç¤Ô´ÃѰÊÇÑÊ´Ô¡ÒèлԴªèͧÇèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¤¹ÃÇÂã¹àÁ×ͧ¡Ñº¤¹¨¹ã¹ª¹º· naaeoM khitH ratH saL watL gaanM jaL bpitL chaawngF waangF raH waangL khohnM ruayM naiM meuuangM gapL khohnM johnM naiM chohnM bohtL"The concept of the welfare state is to close the gap between the rich in urban areas with the poor in the rural areas." |
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áÁéáµè¨ÐàÅÕé§ÇÑÇ¢Öé¹ÁÒãËÁèã¹àªÔ§¾Ò³ÔªÂì ¡çµéͧãªé·Ø¹ÁËÒÈÒÅ áÅзÓãË餹¨¹à¢éÒäÁè¶Ö§¼ÅÔµÀѳ±ì¨Ò¡ÇÑÇÍÕ¡µèÍä» maaeH dtaaeL jaL liiangH wuaaM kheunF maaM maiL naiM cheerngM phaaM nit[y]H gawF dtaawngF chaiH thoonM maH haaR saanR laeH thahmM haiF khohnM johnM khaoF maiF theungR phaL litH dtaL phan[t]M jaakL wuaaM eekL dtaawL bpaiMEven if there were a new commercial cattle industry, such an industry would require a tremendous capital investment; this would prevent poor people from gaining access to all the products of the cattle from then on. |
áÁéáµèÃѰᨡẺ¶éǹ˹éÒ¡çµÒÁ ¢éÒǶا¸§¿éÒ¨Ö§µ¡ÍÂÙèã¹Á×ͧ͢¤¹·ÕèäÁ訹¨ÃÔ§ maaeH dtaaeL ratH jaaekL baaepL thuaanF naaF gawF dtaamM khaaoF thoongR thohngM faaH jeungM dtohkL yuuL naiM meuuM khaawngR khohnM theeF maiF johnM jingM"Even though the government provided (rice) to one and all, some blue-flagged rice fell into the hands of people who were not truly poor." |
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2.  [preposition, conjunction]
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| definition | until; up until; as far as; up to; to; till
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¤´ÕËÁÔè¹»ÃÐÁÒ·ÁÕʶԵÔà¾ÔèÁÊÙ§¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡¼Ô´»¡µÔ à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¤¹ªÍº¤éÒ¤ÇÒÁ ¨¹à»ç¹ÀÒÃеèͺؤ¤ÅÒ¡Ã㹡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÂØµÔ¸ÃÃÁ khaH deeM minL bpraL maatL meeM saL thiL dtiL pheermF suungR kheunF maakF phitL bpaL gaL dtiL phrawH meeM khohnM chaawpF khaaH khwaamM johnM bpenM phaaM raH dtaawL bookL khaH laaM gaawnM naiM graL buaanM gaanM yooH dtiL thamMStatistics indicate that libel and slander lawsuits are becoming unusually more common because there are people who want to profit from lawsuits; (these suits) are now becoming a burden for personnel within the justice system. |
¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â ËÃ×Íà»ç¹¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì áµèä´éãªéã¹ÀÒÉÒä·ÂÁÒ¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹¤Óä·ÂáÅéÇ ãËéÇÒ§¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ìäÇéËÅѧ¤Ó¹ÒÁ àªè¹ khahmM khoonM sap[t]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM naamM theeF bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM reuuR bpenM khahmM thapH sap[t]L dtaaeL daiF chaiH naiM phaaM saaR thaiM maaM johnM theuuR bpenM khahmM thaiM laaeoH haiF waangM khahmM khoonM sap[t]L waiH langR khahmM naamM chehnFIf an adjective is combined with a native Thai noun or a transcribed word which has a long history of usage and this is treated as a native Thai word, the adjective should be placed behind the noun (as in standard Thai grammar conventions). |
¤Ó·ÑºÈѾ·ì·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¹Ò¹¨¹¶×Íà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â áÅлÃÒ¡¯ã¹¾¨¹Ò¹Ø¡ÃÁ©ºÑºÃÒªºÑ³±ÔµÂʶҹáÅéÇ ãËéãªé µèÍ仵ÒÁà´ÔÁ àªè¹ ªçÍ¡â¡àŵ ªçÍ¡â¡áŵ àªÔéµ ¡êÒ« á¡êÊ khahmM thapH sap[t]L theeF chaiH ganM maaM naanM johnM theuuR bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM laeH bpraaM gohtL naiM phohtH jaL naaM nooH grohmM chaL bapL raatF chaH banM thitH dtaL yaH saL thaanR laaeoH haiF chaiH dtaawL bpaiM dtaamM deermM chehnF chawkH gohM laehtF chawkH gohM laaetF cheertH gaasH gaaetHSome transcribed words have been used (by Thais) for so long that they are considered Thai words and are already included in the Royal Institute Dictionary of the Thai Language. These transcribed forms should continue to be utilized. Such words include the Thai words for “chocolate,” “shirt,” and “gas.” |
á¤é¹¨¹¡Ñ´¿Ñ¹¡ÃÍ´ æ | khaaenH johnM gatL fanM graawtL graawtL | to become aggrieved and gnash one's teeth in hatred |
¨¹¡ÃзÑè§ | johnM graL thangF | until; till |
¨¹¡ÇèÒ | johnM gwaaL | as long as; up until...; til |
¨¹à¡Ô¹  | johnM geernM | too; so (much) |
¨¹ªÑé¹ | johnM chanH | even; level |
¨¹ä´é  | johnM daiF | in the end; ultimately; finally |
¨¹¶Ö§ | johnM theungR | till; until reached; until you reach |
¨¹ÁØÁ | johnM moomM | to corner; maneuver; checkmate; stall; be at bay |
¨¹áÅéǨ¹ÃÍ´ | johnM laaeoH johnM raawtF | (has been this way, has happened) for a long time now |
¨Çº¨¹ | juaapL johnM | until; till; up until; as far as |
ãªé¨¹ËÁ´ | chaiH johnM mohtL | to use (it) all up |
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·Ó¨¹ÊØ´¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö | thahmM johnM sootL khwaamM saaR maatF | to do one's utmost; to do the best one can |
½Ñ¹¨¹¹éÓÍÊØ¨ÔÍÍ¡  | fanR johnM naahmH aL sooL jiL aawkL | to have a wet dream |
¡Òýѹ¨¹¹éÓÍÊØ¨ÔÍÍ¡ | gaanM fanR johnM naahmH aL sooL jiL aawkL | a wet dream |
ÃØ¡¨¹ | rookH johnM | to checkmate |
ÊÙ騹µÒÂäÁèÁÕÇѹÂÍÁ | suuF johnM dtaayM maiF meeM wanM yaawmM | unyielding, unwilling to give up |
ÍÂÙ訹´Ö¡ | yuuL johnM deukL | to stay up late |
sample sentences | ¡¡µ. ༪ԡѺ¡ÃÐáÊ¡´´Ñ¹¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¨¹»ÃÔᵡÍÍ¡à»ç¹Êͧ½èÒ phaL cheernM gapL graL saaeR gohtL danM jaakL gaanM meuuangM johnM bpaL riH dtaaekL aawkL bpenM saawngR faayL"The Election Commission has encountered such a stream of pressure from the political process that it split into two factions." |
à¢Òâ¡Ã¸¨¹äÁè¾Ù´¡Ñº¼Á«Ñ¡¤Ó khaoR grohtL johnM maiF phuutF gapL phohmR sakH khahmM"He was so angry that he didn't speak even a word to me!" |
á¢è§¿ØµºÍÅàÁ×èÍÇÒ¹¹Õé ¼ÙéÃÑ¡ÉÒ»ÃеٷÑé§Êͧ½èÒ¡ҧÁØé§ÃÍÃѺ¨¹à¡×ͺËÁ´àÇÅÒ¶Ö§ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃÂÔ§»Ãе١ѹ khaengL footH baawnM meuuaF waanM neeH phuuF rakH saaR bpraL dtuuM thangH saawngR faayL gaangM moongH raawM rapH johnM geuuapL mohtL waehM laaM theungR daiF meeM gaanM yingM bpraL dtuuM ganM"In yesterday's football match the goalkeepers on both sides stood around twiddling their thumbs until the very end of the game when the teams were able to take shots on goal." |
§Ò¹à¢éÒÁÒ¨¹Åé¹·ÓäÁè·Ñ¹ à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÁËÑȨÃÃÂì·ÕèäÁèà¤Â¾ºàËç¹ÁÒ¡è͹㹪ÕÇÔµ ngaanM khaoF maaM johnM lohnH thahmM maiF thanM bpenM khwaamM maH hatL jan[y]M theeF maiF kheeuyM phohpH henR maaM gaawnL naiM cheeM witH"The work is coming in so fast that we cannot keep up; it is an amazing situation that we have never encountered before in our lives." |
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¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒáÁèµéͧ·Ó§Ò¹»Ò¡¡Ñ´µÕ¹¶Õº áÁè¡çµéͧÊè§àÊÕÂãËéÅÙ¡àÃÕ¹¨¹¨ºãËéä´é theungR maaeH waaF maaeF dtaawngF thahmM ngaanM bpaakL gatL dteenM theepL maaeF gawF dtaawngF sohngL siiaR haiF luukF riianM johnM johpL haiF daiF"Even though I (your mother) have to struggle just to put food on the table, I must continue to support you without fail until you complete your studies." |
¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒáÁèµéͧ·Ó§Ò¹»Ò¡¡Ñ´µÕ¹¶Õº áÁè¡çÂѧ¤§Êè§àÊÕÂãËéÅÙ¡àÃÕ¹¨¹¨º theungR maaeH waaF maaeF dtaawngF thahmM ngaanM bpaakL gatL dteenM theepL maaeF gawF yangM khohngM sohngL siiaR haiF luukF riianM johnM johpL"Even though my mother has to struggle just to put food on the table, she continues to support us while we complete our studies." |
·ÓÍÂÙèÍÂèÒ§¹Õ騹ä´éÃÙ»ÃèÒ§ thahmM yuuL yaangL neeH johnM daiF ruupF raangFThis process continues again and again until the metal attains the (desired) shape. |
à¸Í¤¹Êèǹ¼ÊÁ¨¹§Ç´ thuuhrM khohnM suaanL phaL sohmR johnM nguaatF"She keeps stirring the mixture until it thickens." |
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Áշͧà·èÒ˹Ǵ¡Øé§ ¹Í¹ÊдØé§¨¹àÃ×͹äËÇ meeM thaawngM thaoF nuaatL goongF naawnM saL doongF johnM reuuanM waiRto become too paranoid or panic-stricken over one's inconsiderable amount of wealth |
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àʹèËì»ÅÒ¨ÇÑ¡ ¼ÑÇÃÑ¡¨¹µÒ saL neh[h]L bplaayM jaL wakL phuaaR rakH johnM dtaayM"The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach." |
ͧ¤ì¡ÃÍÔÊÃж١¤Ãͺ§Ó·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ ¨¹äÁèÊÒÁÒöµÍºÊ¹Í§à¨µ¹ÒÃÁ³ì·Õè¡Ó˹´äÇéã¹ÃѰ¸ÃÃÁ¹Ùä´é ohng[k]M gaawnM itL saL raL thuukL khraawpF ngahmM thaangM gaanM meuuangM johnM maiF saaR maatF dtaawpL saL naawngR jaehtL naaM rohm[n]M theeF gahmM nohtL waiH naiM ratH thamM maH nuunM daiF"Independent agencies have come under political control to the extent that they are unable to fulfill the aims and purposes for which they were created under the constitution." |
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ÍÓ¹Ò¨´ÔºÊÒÁÒöá¡éä¢Ê¶Ò¹¡Òóìä´é§èÒÂáÅÐàÃçÇ ¨¹·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃÊѧËÒÃËÁÙè ahmM naatF dipL saaR maatF gaaeF khaiR saL thaanR gaan[n]M daiF ngaayF laeH reoM johnM thahmM haiF geertL gaanM sangR haanR muuL"Raw power is certainly able to resolve difficult situations easily and quickly; but (the use of such power) did lead to mass murder." |
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3. 
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| definition | [a grammatical pattern: "so + (adj.) + that"]
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| examples | ÊǧÒÁ¨¹¹èÒËŧãËÅ  | suayR ngaamM johnM naaF lohngR laiR | so ravishingly beautiful and fascinating; magic (beauty) |
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sample sentence | ÍÒËÒèչ¨Ö§ÁÕÃʨ״æ äÁèãªéà¤Ã×èͧ»Ãا·ÕèÁÕ¡ÅÔè¹áçáÅÐäÁèÁÕÃʨѴ¨¹¢èÁÃʸÃÃÁªÒµÔ¢Í§ÇÑÊ´Ø aaM haanR jeenM jeungM meeM rohtH jeuutL jeuutL maiF chaiH khreuuangF bproongM theeF meeM glinL raaengM laeH maiF meeM rohtH jatL johnM khohmL rohtH thamM maH chaatF khaawngR watH saL dooLChinese food has very bland taste; spices that have a strong smells are not used and there are no strong flavors that tend to suppress the natural flavor of the ingredients. |
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4. ¨¹ã¨ johnM jaiM [attributive verb]
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| definition | [is] baffled; confused
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