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1.  [auxiliary verb]
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| definition | [auxiliary verb] has to...; must...; is required to...; is duty-bound to...
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| examples | |
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¨Óà»ç¹µéͧ | jahmM bpenM dtaawngF | must; have to; need |
«Öè§µéͧ¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ì | seungF dtaawngF phiH suut[n]L | Q.E.D.; quod erat demonstrandum; that which was to be proven |
´Í à´ç¡µéͧ¹ÔÁ¹µì daawM dekL dtaawngF niH mohn[d]MD is for /dek L/ (the children), who invite him in |
µéͧ¡ÒÃ  | dtaawngF gaanM | to need; want; require; desired |
¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒÃ | khwaamM dtaawngF gaanM | a demand |
¨Ðµéͧ¡ÒÃ | jaL dtaawngF gaanM | [auxiliary verb combination] will require; will need |
µéͧ¡ÒÃ | dtaawngF gaanM | [auxiliary verb] to need... |
äÁèµéͧ¡ÒÃ | maiF dtaawngF gaanM | [auxiliary verb combination] doesn't need to... |
µéͧ¢Ñ§  | dtaawngF khangR | to be under arrest |
µéͧ¤´Õ  | dtaawngF khaH deeM | to be charged with a crime |
µéͧãªé  | dtaawngF chaiH | cost |
µéͧÃÐÁÑ´ÃÐÇѧ | dtaawngF raH matH raH wangM | care must be taken (when doing something); must be careful |
µéͧʧÊÑÂ | dtaawngF sohngR saiR | [Laws] to suspect |
µéͧʧÊÑÂ | dtaawngF sohngR saiR | [is] accused; impeachable; [is] indicted; charged |
µéͧàÊÕÂ  | dtaawngF siiaR | cost |
¶éÒÊÃТͧ¾ÂÒ§¤ì˹éÒà»ç¹ÊÃÐÍ×è¹·ÕèäÁèãªèÊÃÐÍÐ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂѪ¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉâ´ÂäÁèµéͧ«é͹¾ÂѪ¹Ð àªè¹ thaaF saL raL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M naaF bpenM saL raL euunL theeF maiF chaiF saL raL aL haiF thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dooyM maiF dtaawngF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH chehnFIf the vowel associated with the first syllable is any vowel other than /-a-/, the consonant should be transcribed using the English consonant itself without doubling up the consonant, for example: |
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¶Ù¡µéͧ  | thuukL dtaawngF | properly done (repaired, locked, etc); accurate, right, true, correct; the response "yes" to a true or false question |
¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ  | khwaamM thuukL dtaawngF | accuracy |
äÁè¨Óà»ç¹µéͧ  | maiF jahmM bpenM dtaawngF | not necessary to (do something) |
äÁè¶Ù¡µéͧµÒÁ¡®ËÁÒÂ  | maiF thuukL dtaawngF dtaamM gohtL maayR | illegal |
àÃÒµéͧãªé¶Ø§ÂÒ§ | raoM dtaawngF chaiH thoongR yaangM | We must use a condom |
áÅÐãËéà¢Õ¹â´ÂäÁèµéͧãÊè¨Ø´áÅÐäÁèàÇ鹪èÍ§ä¿ àªè¹ laeH haiF khiianR dooyM maiF dtaawngF saiL jootL laeH maiF wehnH chaawngF faiM chehnFAlso, abbreviations of organizations should not include periods or full stops; in addition, no spaces should be included, such as: |
ÊÓà¹Ò¶Ù¡µéͧ | sahmR naoM thuukL dtaawngF | a certified copy |
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àËç¹¾éͧµéͧ¡Ñ¹ | henR phaawngH dtaawngF ganM | to all agree; express approval; give consent; view favorably |
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sample sentences | |
¡ÃÐáÊ¢èÒÇ·ÕèÍÍ¡ÁÒ·ÓãËé¾Ãä·Ñé§Êͧ¾Ãäµéͧ¿Ñ§¡è͹µÑ´ÊÔ¹ã¨à¢éÒÃèÇÁÃѰºÒÅ graL saaeR khaaoL theeF aawkL maaM thahmM haiF phakH thangH saawngR phakH dtaawngF fangM gaawnL dtatL sinR jaiM khaoF ruaamF ratH thaL baanM"The information that emerged caused both parties to listen before making a decision regarding joining in the government." |
¡ÅØèÁµèÒ§ æ µéͧÊÐÊÁ¡ÓÅѧ㹾ÃäàÍÒäÇéãËéÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ à¾×èÍ¡ØÁ¡ÒêÕé¹Ó Íѹà»ç¹ÊÔ觨Óà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ÂÇ´·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ gloomL dtaangL dtaangL dtaawngF saL sohmR gahmM langM naiM phakH aoM waiH haiF maakF theeF sootL pheuuaF goomM gaanM cheeH nahmM anM bpenM singL jahmM bpenM yaangL yingF yuaatF thaangM gaanM meuuangM"The various factions need to gather as many of their forces within the political party (as they can) in order to control the leadership (of the party). This is an immensely necessary step in politics." |
¡êÍ¡ã¹Ëéͧ¹éÓàÊÕ µéͧµÒÁªèÒ§ÁÒ«èÍÁ gaawkH naiM haawngF naahmH siiaR dtaawngF dtaamM changF maaM sawmF"The faucet in the bathroom is broken; we need to find a plumber to fix it." |
¡èÍáÅéǵéͧÊÒ¹ gaawL laaeoH dtaawngF saanR"Never do things by halves." |
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¡Òë×éÍöẺ¼è͹µéͧÁÕ¤¹ÁÒ¤éÓ»ÃСѹÊÑÒÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂ˹Ö觤¹ gaanM seuuH rohtH baaepL phaawnL dtaawngF meeM khohnM maaM khahmH bpraL ganM sanR yaaM yaangL naawyH neungL khohnM"In buying an automobile on credit, (the purchaser) must have at least one person ensuring the contract." |
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¡Òö͹·ËÒõéͧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÊ¶Ò¹¡Òóì áÅзÓẺ¤èÍÂà»ç¹¤èÍÂä» â´ÂÁըشÁØè§ËÁÒ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁʧºÊØ¢¢Í§»ÃÐà·ÈªÒµÔ gaanM thaawnR thaH haanR dtaawngF kheunF yuuL gapL saL thaanR gaan[n]M laeH thahmM baaepL khaawyF bpenM khaawyF bpaiM dooyM meeM jootL moongF maayR kheuuM khwaamM saL ngohpL sookL khaawngR bpraL thaehtF chaatF"Withdrawing the military must proceed by taking all factors into account and must be done gradually. The objective is to maintain peace and tranquility for the people." |
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¢éͤ鹾º¢Í§à¢ÒãËéâÅ¡µéͧ»ÃШѡÉìã¹ÍÓ¹Ò¨¢Í§ÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷ҧÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì khaawF khohnH phohpH khaawngR khaoR haiF lohkF dtaawngF bpraL jak[s]L naiM ahmM naatF khaawngR wiH theeM gaanM thaangM witH thaH yaaM saat[dr]L"His discoveries provided clear evidence to the world of the power of the scientific method." |
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à¢Òà»ç¹¤¹¾Ù´¨Òâ¼§¼Ò§ µÃ§ä»µÃ§ÁÒ äÁèµéͧÁÒàÊÕÂàÇÅÒàÅè¹ÅÔé¹ khaoR bpenM khohnM phuutF jaaM phohngR phaangR dtrohngM bpaiM dtrohngM maaM maiF dtaawngF maaM siiaR waehM laaM lehnF linH"He is a person who speaks bluntly and directly; he doesn't waste any time equivocating." |
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¤³Ð¡ÃÃÁ¡Òêش¹Õéµéͧ㨡ÇéÒ§áÅÐã¨àÂç¹ à¾ÃÒШеéͧÃѺ¿Ñ§¡Òö¡à¶Õ§âµéáÂ駡ѹÍÂèÒ§¶Ö§¾ÃÔ¡¶Ö§¢Ô§ khaH naH gamM maH gaanM chootH neeH dtaawngF jaiM gwaangF laeH jaiM yenM phrawH jaL dtaawngF rapH fangM gaanM thohkL thiiangR dtohF yaaengH ganM yaangL theungR phrikH theungR khingR"The members of this committee have to steel themselves to be liberal and composed because they are required to listen to arguments and disagreements of the most violent sort." |
¤¹¡ÅÖ§µéͧ¾Ö觤¹ªÑ¡¤¹ÊÅÑ¡µéͧ¾Ö觤¹à¢Õ¹ khohnM gleungM dtaawngF pheungF khohnM chakH khohnM saL lakL dtaawngF pheungF khohnM khiianRThe lathe operator depends on the person drawing the wood; the sculptor depends on the writer. |
¤¹·Õè´Õ¨ÐµéͧÁÕÈÕŸÃÃÁ khohnM theeF deeM jaL dtaawngF meeM seenR laH thamMA good person [person who is good], must also have morality. |
¤ÃÒÇ˹éÒµéͧà¾ÔèÁ㺪ÒÍա˹è͹Ð khraaoM naaF dtaawngF pheermF baiM chaaM eekL naawyL naH"Next time you must put in a little more tea leaves." |
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¤Ø³µéͧ«×éÍÍÒËÒù¡ÍÕ¡Ëè͹֧¤èÐ khoonM dtaawngF seuuH aaM haanR nohkH eekL haawL neungM khaF[spoken by a female] "You must buy another packet of birdseed, sir." |
¤Ø³µéͧäÁèä»·Õè¹Ñè¹ khoonM dtaawngF maiF bpaiM theeF nanF"You must not go there." |
¤Ø³µéͧÃÐÇѧ khoonM dtaawngF raH wangM"You must be careful." |
§Ò¹àÅÕé§µéͧÁÕÇѹàÅÔ¡ÃÒ ngaanM liiangH dtaawngF meeM wanM leerkF raaM"All good things come to an end." |
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«Ñ¡¹éÓäÁèä´é¤èÐ µéͧ«Ñ¡áËé§ sakH naahmH maiF daiF khaF dtaawngF sakH haaengF"No, you must have it dry cleaned." |
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µéͧËźàÅÕè§¡ÒÃ༪Ôáʧᴴ¨Ñ´¨éÒµÑé§áµè ðø.ðð-ñ÷.ðð ¹. áÅÐËÁÑè¹·Ò¤ÃÕÁ¡Ñ¹á´´·ÕèÁÕ àÍʾÕàÍ¿ ñõ ËÃ×ÍÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¹Ñé¹à»ç¹»ÃÐ¨Ó dtaawngF lohpL liiangF gaanM phaL cheernM saaengR daaetL jatL jaaF dtangF dtaaeL suunR bpaaetL suunR suunR neungL jetL suunR suunR laeH manL thaaM khreemM ganM daaetL theeF meeM aehtL pheeM aehfL neungL haaF reuuR maakF gwaaL nanH bpenM bpraL jahmM(They) should avoid being exposed to strong sun between the hours of 8:00 am and 5:00 pm; and, (should) routinely apply (sun-block) cream with an SPF rating of at least 15. |
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