Jun 2, 2008: Very many thanks to a generous benefactor for a major donation
Narisa N. $20 Dennis F. $10 Anderson K. H. $10 John Karl L. $50 Gavin K. $30 Sirintip M. $10 Anderson H. $10 David B. $10 William S. $10 Otto Y. $2 Philippe B. $30 Edna T. $10 William O. $70! Dinh T. $10 E. Paulson $15 Daryl L. $5 Jeffrey W. $25 Simon W. $10 Norman H. $5
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[a prefix used like the English suffix] "-proof"; to prevent, to obstruct or impede (the progress or entry of), to protect, prevent or keep (something from happening)
[Thai transcription of the foreign loanword, "gan", a shortened transliteration of "American", having a slight prejoratory meaning similar to "Yankee"]
¤Ó»ÃÐÊÁ«Öè§ã¹ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉà¢Õ¹á¡¡Ñ¹àÁ×èͷѺÈѾ·ìãËéà¢Õ¹µÔ´¡Ñ¹ä»äÁèµéͧᡤӵÒÁÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁàªè¹ khahmM bpraL sohmR seungF naiM phaaM saaR angM gritL khiianR yaaekF ganM meuuaF thapH sap[t]L haiF khiianR dtitL ganM bpaiM maiF dtaawngF yaaekF khahmM dtaamM phaaM saaR deermM chehnF Compound words which in English are written as separate words should be transcribed as a single word which need not be separated by a space, for example:
¤Ó»ÃÐÊÁ·ÕèÁÕà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒÂÂѵÔÀѧ¤ìãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìâ´Âà¢Õ¹µÔ´µè͡ѹä»àªè¹ khahmM bpraL sohmR theeF meeM khreuuangF maayR yatH dtiL phangM haiF thapH sap[t]L dooyM khiianR dtitL dtaawL ganM bpaiM chehnF One should transcribe hyphenated words as one continuous word, for example:
¤ÓÇÔÊÒÁҹ¹ÒÁ·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¹Ò¹áÅéÇÍÒ¨ãªéµèÍ仵ÒÁà´ÔÁ khahmM wiH saaR maanM yaH naamM theeF chaiH ganM maaM naanM laaeoH aatL chaiH dtaawL bpaiM dtaamM deermM Proper nouns whose transcriptions have a long historical usage shall continue to be utilized
·Õè¾èÍáÁèÅÓºÒ¡àÅÕé§ÅÙ¡¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡çà¾×èÍÊè§àÊÃÔÁÅÙ¡ãËéºÃÃÅØ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁËÇѧ¡ÃйÑé¹ theeF phaawF maaeF lahmM baakL liiangH luukF ganM maaM gawF pheuuaF sohngL seermR luukF haiF banM looH theungR khwaamM wangR graL nanH Parents struggle to bring up their children in order to support their children to reach their goals and desires.
¾èÍáÁè·Ø¡¤¹¡çËÒÂà˹×èÍÂáÅéÇÍÂèÒ·ÓãËé¾è͡ѺáÁè¼Ô´ËÇѧ¡çáÅéǡѹ phaawF maaeF thookH khohnM gawF haayR neuuayL laaeoH yaaL thahmM haiF phaawF gapL maaeF phitL wangR gawF laaeoH ganM then every parent will no longer be weary. Please do not disappoint your parents.
ÀÒÉÒ·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹»ÃШÓÇѹ phaaM saaR theeF chaiH ganM bpraL jahmM wanM vernacular
àÁ×èÍÁÕÊѨ¨ÐÃÑ¡à´ÕÂÇã¨à´ÕÂǵè͡ѹáÅéÇÍÂèÒ§Í×è¹àªè¹¤ÇÒÁàËç¹Í¡àËç¹ã¨¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃãËéÍÀÑ¡ѹáÅФÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨡ѹ´Õ¡ç¨ÐµÒÁ¡Ñ¹ÁÒ meuuaF meeM satL jaL rakH diaaoM jaiM diaaoM dtaawL ganM laaeoH yaangL euunL chehnF khwaamM henR ohkL henR jaiM ganM gaanM haiF aL phaiM ganM laeH khwaamM khaoF jaiM ganM deeM gawF jaL dtaamM ganM maaM When you are honest and faithful to each other all other things will follow, such as empathy, forgiveness, and understanding.
ÃÑ¡àÃÒÁÕ»Õ¡ ºÔ¹ËÅÕ¡¢éÒÁ¿éÒ ä»ÁÒËҡѹ rakH raoM meeM bpeekL binM leekL khaamF faaH bpaiM maaM haaR ganM "Our love has wings It can fly across the sky So that we can meet one another"
àËÁ×͹¡Ñº·Õ褹ä·Âµéͧ༪ԡѹÍÂÙè㹵͹¹ÕéËÃ×ÍäÁè¡ÕèÇѹ¹Ñº¨Ò¡¹Õéä» meuuanR gapL theeF khohnM thaiM dtaawngF phaL cheernM ganM yuuL naiM dtaawnM neeH reuuR maiF geeL wanM napH jaakL neeH bpaiM It seems that Thai must confront this issue right now, or if not (now), sometime in the near future.
àÍÒÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´ÁÒàÅèÒÊÙè¡Ñ¹¿Ñ§ aoM raayM laH iiatL maaM laoF suuL ganM fangM to relate the details to us
sample sentences
¡ÃзÓãËéµèÒ§½èÒµèÒ§¾ÂÒÂÒÁàºè§ºÒÃÁÕãÊè¡Ñ¹áÅÐà»Ô´ÈÖ¡áÂè§ÍÓ¹Ò¨áÂè§à¡éÒÍÕéµÑÇÊӤѷÑé§ã¹ÃѰºÒÅáÅÐÃѰÊÀÒÍÂèÒ§äÁèÅ´ÃÒÇÒÈÍ¡¡Ñ¹ graL thahmM haiF dtaangL faayL dtaangL phaH yaaM yaamM behngL baaM raH meeM saiL ganM laeH bpeertL seukL yaaengF ahmM naatF yaaengF gaoF eeF dtuaaM sahmR khanM thangH naiM ratH thaL baanM laeH ratH saL phaaM yaangL maiF lohtH raaM waaM saawkL ganM "This causes each faction to flex their own paper against each other and to create struggles to wrest power from each other. They are fighting over important positions both within the government and the legislature, each one unwilling to give even one inch."
¡ÒáÃзӢͧ¤Ø³ÂÒ¹Ñ鹡èÍãËéà¡Ô´ÊÓ¹Ö¡¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹à¹×éÍà´ÕÂǡѹ¡Ñº¤¹Í×è¹á¶Áà»ç¹¤¹Í×蹫Ö觤سÂÒÂäÁèä´éÃÙé¨Ñ¡ÁÑ¡¤Øé¹ÁÒ¡è͹´éÇ gaanM graL thahmM khaawngR khoonM yaayM nanH gaawL haiF geertL sahmR neukH khwaamM bpenM neuuaH diaaoM ganM gapL khohnM euunL thaaemR bpenM khohnM euunL seungF khoonM yaayM maiF daiF ruuH jakL makH khoonH maaM gaawnL duayF "The work of these two women created a feeling of solidarity with others; in addition, these were people with whom the two women had not been previously acquainted."
¡ÒÃãªéàÊÕ§ÊÙ§µèÓÊÅѺ¡Ñ¹¡ÃзÓãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁä¾àÃÒзÑé§Âѧ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´Áâ¹ÀÒ¾ªÑ´à¨¹ gaanM chaiH siiangR suungR dtahmL saL lapL ganM graL thahmM haiF meeM khwaamM phaiM rawH thangH yangM thahmM haiF geertL maH nohM phaapF chatH jaehnM "The use of high and low pitched sounds (in Thai) creates a melodious sound in addition to which (such sounds) evoke clear images and visions."
¡ÒöèǧàÇÅÒÍÍ¡ä»ãËé¹Ò¹·ÕèÊØ´à·èÒ·Õè¨Ðà»ç¹ä»ä´éà¾×èÍ»ÅèÍÂãËé¡ÅØèÁµèÒ§ æÀÒÂã¹¾Ã䵡ŧ¡Ñ¹àͧãËéä´éàÊÕ¡è͹áÅéǨ֧»ÃѺà»ÅÕè¹ÃѰÁ¹µÃÕ gaanM thuaangL waehM laaM aawkL bpaiM haiF naanM theeF sootL thaoF theeF jaL bpenM bpaiM daiF pheuuaF bplaawyL haiF gloomL dtaangL dtaangL phaayM naiM phakH dtohkL lohngM ganM aehngM haiF daiF siiaR gaawnL laaeoH jeungM bprapL bpliianL ratH mohnM dtreeM "Stalling for the longest possible amount time that they are able would allow the various factions within the party to agree among themselves; then they can go ahead and shuffle the cabinet ministers."
¢³Ð·ÕèÃѰºÒÅ»¯ÔÇѵԷËÒâͧä·Â¡ÓÅѧà»ç¹¸ØÃÐÊÃéÒ§à§×è͹ä¢ãËé¾Ã䪹ÐàÅ×Í¡µÑé§ãËéä´éÃѰºÒÅÍѧ¡ÄÉ¡çà»ç¹¸ØÃзӧҹà¡éͧÕèà§èҾ͡ѹ khaL naL theeF ratH thaL baanM bpaL dtiL watH thaH haanR khaawngR thaiM gahmM langM bpenM thooH raH saangF ngeuuanF khaiR haiF phakH chaH naH leuuakF dtangF haiF daiF ratH thaL baanM angM gritL gawF bpenM thooH raH thahmM ngaanM guuhrF ngeeF ngaoF phaawM ganM "While the Thai revolutionary military government was busy setting conditions for a party to be able to win an election, the British government was busily involved in some very embarrassing and stupid activity of its own."
¢ÍãËé¤ÙèºèÒÇÊÒÇÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊØ¢ÃÑ¡¡Ñ¹àËÁ×͹Çѹ¹ÕéáÅеèÍä»·Ø¡ æÇѹµÅÍ´ä» khaawR haiF khuuF baaoL saaoR meeM khwaamM sookL rakH ganM meuuanR wanM neeH laeH dtaawL bpaiM thookH thookH wanM dtaL laawtL bpaiM "May you, the bride and groom, be happy with and love each other each forever, just as you do today."
à¢Ò½Ñ¡½èÒÂÍÂÙè¡Ñº¾Ç¡½èÒ«éÒ·ÕèÁÕÍØ´Á¤µÔàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѹ khaoR fakL faayL yuuL gapL phuaakF faayL saayH theeF meeM ooL dohmM khaH dtiL chehnF diaaoM ganM "He is attracted to side with the Left with whom he shares the same ideals."
à¢Ò¾Ù´¨ÒËÂÒº¤ÒÂÍÂèÒ§·ÕèÊØÀÒ¾ª¹à¢èÒà¢ÒäÁè¾Ù´¡Ñ¹ khaoR phuutF jaaM yaapL khaayM yaangL theeF sooL phaapF chohnM khaoL khaoR maiF phuutF ganM He speaks very rudely and in a manner which no gentleman would employ.
à¢ÒʹԷ¡ÑºÃѰÁ¹µÃÕ¤¹¹Õéà¾ÃÒÐàÅ蹡ÍÅ¿ì¡êǹà´ÕÂǡѹ khaoR saL nitL gapL ratH mohnM dtreeM khohnM neeH phrawH lehnF gaawn[f]M guaanH diaaoM ganM "He is very close to that Minister because they play golf in the same group (of friends)."
á¢è§¿ØµºÍÅàÁ×èÍÇÒ¹¹Õé¼ÙéÃÑ¡ÉÒ»ÃеٷÑé§Êͧ½èÒ¡ҧÁØé§ÃÍÃѺ¨¹à¡×ͺËÁ´àÇÅÒ¶Ö§ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃÂÔ§»Ãе١ѹ khaengL footH baawnM meuuaF waanM neeH phuuF rakH saaR bpraL dtuuM thangH saawngR faayL gaangM moongH raawM rapH johnM geuuapL mohtL waehM laaM theungR daiF meeM gaanM yingM bpraL dtuuM ganM "In yesterday's football match the goalkeepers on both sides stood around twiddling their thumbs until the very end of the game when the teams were able to take shots on goal."
¤³Ð¡ÃÃÁ¡Òêش¹Õéµéͧ㨡ÇéÒ§áÅÐã¨àÂç¹à¾ÃÒШеéͧÃѺ¿Ñ§¡Òö¡à¶Õ§âµéáÂ駡ѹÍÂèÒ§¶Ö§¾ÃÔ¡¶Ö§¢Ô§ khaH naH gamM maH gaanM chootH neeH dtaawngF jaiM gwaangF laeH jaiM yenM phrawH jaL dtaawngF rapH fangM gaanM thohkL thiiangR dtohF yaaengH ganM yaangL theungR phrikH theungR khingR "The members of this committee have to steel themselves to be liberal and composed because they are required to listen to arguments and disagreements of the most violent sort."
¤´ÕËÁÔè¹»ÃÐÁÒ·ÊÒÁÒöÂÍÁ¤ÇÒÁ¡Ñ¹ä´éÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ùé·Õè¤Ô´ÇèÒ...µ¹àͧàÊÕÂËÒ¨֧ä»á¨é§¤ÇÒÁ¡Ñº¼ÙéµéͧËÒËÃ×ÍÃÐËÇèҧ⨷¡ì¡Ñº¨ÓàÅ khaH deeM minL bpraL maatL saaR maatF yaawmM khwaamM ganM daiF raH waangL phuuF theeF khitH waaF dtohnM aehngM siiaR haayR jeungM bpaiM jaaengF khwaamM gapL phuuF dtaawngF haaR reuuR raH waangL joht[k]L gapL jahmM leeuyM "With respect to a case of libel or slander there can be a compromise between the party who things himself wronged and files a case (on the one hand) and the person charged, or between the plaintiff and the defendant."
¤¹ÍàÁÃԡѹ¹ÕèºÃÔâÀ¤¡Ñ¹ÊØ´àËÇÕ觨ÃÔ§ æáÅйÓàÍÒÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ¡ÒáԹ´Õà¢éÒä»à¼Âá¾Ãèã¹»ÃÐà·ÈµèÒ§ æ khohnM aL maehM riH ganM neeF bawL riH phohkF ganM sootL wiiangL jingM jingM laeH nahmM aoM watH thaH naH thamM gaanM ginM deeM khaoF bpaiM pheeuyR phraaeF naiM bpraL thaehtF dtaangL dtaangL "Americans consume really excessive amounts (of food) and spread this culture of eating well to various countries (around the world)."
¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§»Ãоѹ¸ÊÃþ¹ÒÁáÅлÃоѹ¸ÇÔàÈɳì khwaamM dtaangL ganM raH waangL bpraL phanM thaH sapL phaH naamM laeH bpraL phanM thaH wiH saeht[n]L The difference between relative pronouns and relative modifiers [which act like adverbs]:
¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì¤×ͤӷÕè·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ, ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒáÅФÓÇÔàÈɳì´éÇ¡ѹãËéä´é¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ÂÔè§¢Öé¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ khahmM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM theeF thahmM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM naamM khahmM sapL phaH naamM khahmM gaL riH yaaM laeH khahmM wiH saeht[n]L duayF ganM haiF daiF khwaamM chatH jaehnM yingF kheunF dtuaaM yaangL chehnF A “modifier” is a word which serves the role of associating with a noun, pronoun, verb, or other modifier in order to bring greater clarity to it. Some examples are:
§Ò¹¹ÕéÁÕ¡ÃШԺ¡ÃШ͡¢èÒÇÁҡѹàµçÁ ngaanM neeH meeM graL jipL graL jaawkL khaaoL maaM ganM dtemM "This gala affair is full of noisy reporters."
§Ò¹¹ÕéÁÕ¼ÙéãËèÁҡѹËÅÒ¤¹¢ÍãËéÃÐÁÑ´ÃÐÇѧ·Ó¡Ðà»Ô꺡лêÒºãËé¢ÒÂ˹éÒ ngaanM neeH meeM phuuF yaiL maaM ganM laayR khohnM khaawR haiF raH matH raH wangM thahmM gaL bpeerpH gaL bpaapH haiF khaayR naaF "This affair will have many important people in attendance; please take care not to act in an uncouth manner that might embarrass us."