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1.  [noun]
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| definition | joint; point of intersection; articulation
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| examples | ¢é͵èÍ | khaawF dtaawL | joint |
¢é͵èÍ¡Ãд١ | khaawF dtaawL graL duukL | joint (of the body) |
¢éÍà·éÒ  | khaawF thaaoH | ankle |
¢éÍÁ×Í  | khaawF meuuM | wrist |
¢éÍÂØµÔ | khaawF yooH dtiL | conclusion; resolution; settlement |
¢éÍáá | khaawF raaekF | in the first place |
¢éÍÅÙ¡â«è | khaawF luukF sohF | link |
¢éÍÈÍ¡  | khaawF saawkL | elbow |
¢éÍËÒ | khaawF haaR | accusation; allegation; charge; claim |
á¢ç§¢éÍ | khaengR khaawF | obstinate; rebellious |
Ãͧà·éÒËØéÁ¢éÍ  | raawngM thaaoH hoomF khaawF | boots |
ÊÇèÒ¹¢éÍàÊ×Í  | saL waanL khaawF seuuaR | brace (the tool) |
Íè͹¢éÍ | aawnL khaawF | admit the point; concede; yield; relent; submit (to) |
sample sentences | ¢éʹբͧ·Äɮբͧà¨éÒÊÑÇ¡ÅèÒÇäÇé ¤×ÍÂѧªèÇÂÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÊÑ»ÃÐËÂÑ´Í´ÍÍÁ khaawF deeM khaawngR thritH saL deeM khaawngR jaoF suaaR glaaoL waiH kheuuM yangM chuayF saangF niH saiR bpraL yatL ohtL aawmM"The benefits of the theory espoused by the tycoon is that it will help encourage habits of conservation and savings." |
»Ãоѹ¸ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ áÅлÃоѹ¸ÇÔàÈɳì áÁé¨Ðãªé¤ÓºÒ§¤ÓàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ àªè¹ ·Õè «Öè§ Íѹ áµèÁÕ¢éÍᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé bpraL phanM thaH sapL phaH naamM laeH bpraL phanM thaH wiH saeht[n]L maaeH jaL chaiH khahmM baangM khahmM meuuanR ganM chehnF theeF seungF anM dtaaeL meeM khaawF dtaaekL dtaangL ganM dangM neeHEven though relative pronouns and relative modifiers use the same words, for example, “that,” “which,” “the one that,” there are differences, as in the following: |
äÁèÁÕ¢éͤÇÒÁã´·Õè¨ÐÂÑèÇÂǹËÃ×ͼÅÑ¡äÊäÅèÊè§ãËéâçàÃÕ¹ ¤ÃÙÍÒ¨ÒÃÂì ºØ¤¤ÅҡùѡàÃÕ¹·ÕèÍÂÙè¡ÑºÃѰ仢Ö鹡Ѻͧ¤ì¡Ã»¡¤ÃͧÊèǹ·éͧ¶Ôè¹ maiF meeM khaawF khwaamM daiM theeF jaL yuaaF yuaanM reuuR phlakL saiR laiF sohngL haiF rohngM riianM khruuM aaM jaan[y]M bookL khaH laaM gaawnM nakH riianM theeF yuuL gapL ratH bpaiM kheunF gapL ohng[k]M gaawnM bpohkL khraawngM suaanL thaawngH thinL"There are no facts which will entice schools, teachers, personnel, and students who are in government schools, to affiliate themselves with the local administrative organizations or to drive them away from central government affiliation." |
͹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁäÁèªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹ àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×Í ÊÔè§¹Õé ÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ àªè¹ ã´ äà ä˹ ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà ÏÅÏ áµè¾Ö§ÊѧࡵÇèÒ ¤Ó¾Ç¡¹Õé¨ÐµéͧäÁèãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊÑ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ »Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM maiF cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jahmM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL neeH singL nanH chehnF daiM raiM naiR geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM dtaaeL pheungM sangR gaehtL waaF khahmM phuaakF neeH jaL dtaawngF maiF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR riiakF waaF bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L dtuaaM yaangL“Indefinite modifiers” are modifiers which express non-specificity or provide a delimiter that something is like this or that, or this thing or that thing; for example, the words “whatever,” “whichever,” “wherever,” “how,” “any,” “how many,” “which,” “why,” “why so ever,” and “how so ever.” However, one should observe that these words, in order to be indefinite modifiers, should not be used in interrogatory sentences or in sentences which indicate doubt; if these words are used in sentences which indicate interrogatories or doubts, they are called, “interrogatory modifiers.” [See below.] Examples include, |
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2.  [noun]
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| definition | case; verse; section; paragraph
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| examples | à¡ç§¢éÍÊͺ | gengM khaawF saawpL | to make an educated guess at an upcoming test or exam |
â¡§¢éÍÊͺ | gohngM khaawF saawpL | to cheat on a test (i.e. with a crib note) |
¢éͤÇÃÃÐÇѧ | khaawF khuaanM raH wangM | [medical] (medication) cautionary information |
¢é͵¡Å§  | khaawF dtohkL lohngM | agreement |
¢é͵¡Å§ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ | khaawF dtohkL lohngM lakL gaanM | an agreement in principle |
¢éͶÒÁ | khaawF thaamR | questioniare |
¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§  | khaawF thetH jingM | fact; evidence; case |
¢éÍá¹Ð¹Ó | khaawF naeH nahmM | tip; advice |
¢é;Ծҷ | khaawF phiH phaatF | dispute; argument; controversy |
¢éÍ¡àÇé¹ | khaawF yohkH wehnH | exception; an exception to a rule |
¢éÍàÃÕ¡Ãéͧ | khaawF riiakF raawngH | demand; request; requirement; claim |
¢éÍʹѺʹع  | khaawF saL napL saL noonR | a case |
¶éÒà»ç¹¤Ó·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàµÔÁ»Ñ¨¨Ñ àªè¹ -er, -ing, -ic, or –y áÅСÒ÷ѺÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂѪ¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡Äɴѧ¢éÍ ÷.ò ÍÒ¨·ÓãËéÍÍ¡àÊÕ§¼Ô´ä»¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁÁÒ¡ ãËé«é͹¾ÂѪ¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµé¹Íա˹Öè§à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹à¤éÒ¤Óà´ÔÁ àªè¹ thaaF bpenM khahmM theeF geertL jaakL gaanM dteermM bpatL jaiM chehnF -er, -ing, -ic, or –y laeH gaanM thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dangM khaawF aatL thahmM haiF aawkL siiangR phitL bpaiM jaakL phaaM saaR deermM maakF haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtohnF eekL neungL pheuuaF haiF henR khaaoH khahmM deermM chehnFIf the word is one which arises from the use of a suffix such as -er, -ing, -ic, or –y and the use of rule 7.2 above results in a sound significantly at variance with the original English word, one should double the final consonant in order to be able to recognize the source of the original word, for example: |
㹡óշÕè¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁµÒÁ¢éÍ ñð.ñ áÅТéÍ ñð.ò ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¡ӡÇÁËÃ×ͤÅÒ´à¤Å×è͹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹ naiM gaL raH neeM theeF gaanM thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dtaamM khaawF sipL neungL laeH khaawF sipL saawngR thahmM haiF geertL khwaamM maayR gahmM guaamM reuuR khlaatF khleuuanF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnFIn cases in which transcriptions involving nouns under rules 10.1 and 10.2 above create meanings which are ambiguous or incorrect, the words should be changed to be stated in the adjectival form, for example: |
ÂÍÁ¿Ñ§¢éͤԴàËç¹  | yaawmM fangM khaawF khitH henR | open-minded |
ÅÍ¡¢éÍÊͺ | laawkF khaawF saawpL | To cheat on a test (i.e. by copying someone else's paper) |
ËÑÇ¢éÍ | huaaR khaawF | the main case |
sample sentences | |
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ÁÕ¢éͤÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñ¹ àªè¹ ·Õè «Öè§ Íѹ ÍÂèÒ§·Õè ª¹Ô´·Õè ãËé ÇèÒ ·ÕèÇèÒ ¤×Í à¾×èÍ ãËé à¾×èÍÇèÒ ÏÅÏ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ meeM khaawF khwaamM giaaoL khaawngF ganM chehnF theeF seungF anM yaangL theeF chaH nitH theeF haiF waaF theeF waaF kheuuM pheuuaF haiF pheuuaF waaF dtuaaM yaangLExamples include, “that, which, or whom,” “which,” “which, that, or whom,” “in an instance where,” “in order that,” “that,” “as indicated,” “that is,” and “so that,” “in order to,” “in case of,” and others. Sample sentences: |
ÁÕ¢éͨӡѴ·Õèà¢ÒäÁèÊÒÁÒö»¯ÔºÑµÔµÒÁ¢éÍàÃÕ¡Ãéͧä´é «Öè§¶éÒÃѺ¿Ñ§ÍÂèÒ§¢Íä»·Õ ¡ç¹èÒà»ç¹Ëèǧ meeM khaawF jahmM gatL theeF khaoR maiF saaR maatF bpaL dtiL batL dtaamM khaawF riiakF raawngH daiF seungF thaaF rapH fangM yaangL khaawR bpaiM theeM gawF naaF bpenM huaangL"Due to existing limitations, they are not able to accede to the demands; however, if they do pay heed these demands merely in a perfunctory manner, there is real cause for concern." |
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| as a prefix | ¢éÍâµéà¶Õ§ | khaawF dtohF thiiangR | dispute; argument; controversy |
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3.  [prefix]
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| definition | [prefix for a noun indicating] "items relating to..."
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| examples | ¡ÃÍ¡¢éͤÇÒÁ | graawkL khaawF khwaamM | to fill out (a form) |
¢éÍ¡ÅèÒÇËÒ | khaawF glaaoL haaR | criminal charge; accusation; legal violation; indictment |
¢éÍá¡éµÑÇ  | khaawF gaaeF dtuaaM | excuses |
¢éͤÇÒÁ  | khaawF khwaamM | message; information |
¢éͤÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹  | khaawF khwaamM khitH henR | concept; comment |
¢éͺ¡¾Ãèͧ | khaawF bohkL phraawngF | fault; flaw; error; blunder; defect; weakness; drawback; shortcoming |
¢éͺѧ¤Ñº | khaawF bangM khapH | regulation; rule; requirement |
¢éͺÑѵÔâ·É | khaawF banM yatH thohtF | penalty; legal punishment |
¢é;ÔÊÙ¨¹ì | khaawF phiH suut[n]L | proof; evidence; substantiation |
¢éÍá¿éÁ | khaawF faaemH | case files; pertinent dossier |
¢éÍÁÙÅ  | khaawF muunM | data; information |
¢éÍÊѧࡵ  | khaawF sangR gaehtL | observation |
¢éÍàÊÕÂà»ÃÕº  | khaawF siiaR bpriiapL | disadvantage |
¢éÍàÊÕÂËÒÂ | khaawF siiaR haayR | fault; flaw; mistake; error |
sample sentence | |
| as a prefix | ¢éÍâµéáÂé§  | khaawF dtohF yaaengH | dispute; argument |
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4.  [classifier]
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| definition | [numerical classifier for a questionnaire, condition, joint, answer, equation, knuckle, knot, node]
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enumerated nouns | à§×èÍ¹ä¢ | ngeuuanF khaiR | a condition |
| ÇÔÊѪ¹Ò | wiH satL chaH naaM | [formal term] an answer, a reply |
| ⨷Âì | joht[y]L | [mathematics] a problem; arithmetical question to be solved |
| ·È¾Ô¸ÃÒª¸ÃÃÁ | thohtH saL phitH raatF chaH thamM | the 10 virtues of the king |
¤ÓµÍº  | khahmM dtaawpL | an answer, a reply |
¢éͶÒÁ | khaawF thaamR | questioniare |
¡®ËÁÒÂ | gohtL maayR | law |
¢éͺ¡¾Ãèͧ | khaawF bohkL phraawngF | fault; flaw; error; blunder; defect; weakness; drawback; shortcoming |
¤ÓÁÑè¹  | khahmM manF | a promise, a pledge, a word of honor; an oath |
»¯Ô»Ø¨©Ò  | bpaL dtiL bpootL chaaR | [formal term] rhetorical question |
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¢éͨӡѴ | khaawF jahmM gatL | limitation; restriction |
¢éÍËéÒÁ | khaawF haamF | prohibition; ban; taboo; forbiddance |
º·Å§â·É | bohtL lohngM thohtF | penalty; legal punishment |
¤Ø³»ÃÐ⪹ì | khoonM bpraL yoht[n]L | benefit; advantage; usefulness; utility; profit |
¤ÓÊÒºÒ¹  | khahmM saaR baanM | promise; vow; oath; pledge; swearer; guarantee; warrant |
¤ÓÊѵÂì  | khahmM sat[y]L | promise; vow; oath; pledge; swearer; guarantee; warrant |
¢éÍàÃÕ¡Ãéͧ | khaawF riiakF raawngH | demand; request; requirement; claim |
¤ÓàÃÕ¡Ãéͧ | khahmM riiakF raawngH | demand; request; requirement; claim |
¢éÍ¡àÇé¹ | khaawF yohkH wehnH | exception; an exception to a rule |
| examples | ¢éͨӡѴ | khaawF jahmM gatL | limitation; restriction |
¢éÍËéÒÁ | khaawF haamF | prohibition; ban; taboo; forbiddance |
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