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¢éÍ  khaawF
contents of this page
1.joint; point of intersection; articulation
2.case; verse; section; paragraph
3.[prefix for a noun indicating] "items relating to..."
4.[numerical classifier for a questionnaire, condition, joint, answer, equation, knuckle, knot, node]

pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thai¤èÍ
IPAkʰɔ̂ː
Royal Thai General Systemkho

1. common Thai word   [noun]
definition
joint; point of intersection; articulation

examples¢é͵èÍkhaawF dtaawLjoint
¢é͵èÍ¡Ãд١khaawF dtaawL graL duukLjoint (of the body)
¢éÍà·éÒkhaawF thaaoHankle
¢éÍÁ×ÍkhaawF meuuMwrist
¢éÍÂØµÔkhaawF yooH dtiLconclusion; resolution; settlement
¢éÍáákhaawF raaekFin the first place
¢éÍÅÙ¡â«èkhaawF luukF sohFlink
¢éÍÈÍ¡khaawF saawkLelbow
¢éÍËÒkhaawF haaRaccusation; allegation; charge; claim
á¢ç§¢éÍkhaengR khaawFobstinate; rebellious
Ãͧà·éÒËØéÁ¢éÍraawngM thaaoH hoomF khaawFboots
ÊÇèÒ¹¢éÍàÊ×ÍsaL waanL khaawF seuuaRbrace (the tool)
Íè͹¢éÍaawnL khaawFadmit the point; concede; yield; relent; submit (to)
sample
sentences
¢éʹբͧ·Äɮբͧà¨éÒÊÑÇ¡ÅèÒÇäÇé ¤×ÍÂѧªèÇÂÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÊÑ»ÃÐËÂÑ´Í´ÍÍÁ
khaawF deeM khaawngR thritH saL deeM khaawngR jaoF suaaR glaaoL waiH kheuuM yangM chuayF saangF niH saiR bpraL yatL ohtL aawmM
"The benefits of the theory espoused by the tycoon is that it will help encourage habits of conservation and savings."
»Ãоѹ¸ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ áÅлÃоѹ¸ÇÔàÈɳì áÁé¨Ðãªé¤ÓºÒ§¤ÓàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ àªè¹ ·Õè «Öè§ Íѹ áµèÁÕ¢éÍᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé
bpraL phanM thaH sapL phaH naamM laeH bpraL phanM thaH wiH saeht[n]L maaeH jaL chaiH khahmM baangM khahmM meuuanR ganM chehnF theeF seungF anM dtaaeL meeM khaawF dtaaekL dtaangL ganM dangM neeH
Even though relative pronouns and relative modifiers use the same words, for example, “that,” “which,” “the one that,” there are differences, as in the following:
äÁèÁÕ¢éͤÇÒÁã´·Õè¨ÐÂÑèÇÂǹËÃ×ͼÅÑ¡äÊäÅèÊè§ãËéâçàÃÕ¹ ¤ÃÙÍÒ¨ÒÃÂì ºØ¤¤ÅҡùѡàÃÕ¹·ÕèÍÂÙè¡ÑºÃѰ仢Ö鹡Ѻͧ¤ì¡Ã»¡¤ÃͧÊèǹ·éͧ¶Ôè¹
maiF meeM khaawF khwaamM daiM theeF jaL yuaaF yuaanM reuuR phlakL saiR laiF sohngL haiF rohngM riianM khruuM aaM jaan[y]M bookL khaH laaM gaawnM nakH riianM theeF yuuL gapL ratH bpaiM kheunF gapL ohng[k]M gaawnM bpohkL khraawngM suaanL thaawngH thinL
"There are no facts which will entice schools, teachers, personnel, and students who are in government schools, to affiliate themselves with the local administrative organizations or to drive them away from central government affiliation."
͹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁäÁèªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹ àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×Í ÊÔè§¹Õé ÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ àªè¹ ã´ äà ä˹ ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà ÏÅÏ áµè¾Ö§ÊѧࡵÇèÒ ¤Ó¾Ç¡¹Õé¨ÐµéͧäÁèãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊÑ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ »Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM maiF cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jahmM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL neeH singL nanH chehnF daiM raiM naiR geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM dtaaeL pheungM sangR gaehtL waaF khahmM phuaakF neeH jaL dtaawngF maiF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR riiakF waaF bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L dtuaaM yaangL
“Indefinite modifiers” are modifiers which express non-specificity or provide a delimiter that something is like this or that, or this thing or that thing; for example, the words “whatever,” “whichever,” “wherever,” “how,” “any,” “how many,” “which,” “why,” “why so ever,” and “how so ever.” However, one should observe that these words, in order to be indefinite modifiers, should not be used in interrogatory sentences or in sentences which indicate doubt; if these words are used in sentences which indicate interrogatories or doubts, they are called, “interrogatory modifiers.” [See below.] Examples include,
2.   [noun]
definition
case; verse; section; paragraph

examplesà¡ç§¢éÍÊͺgengM khaawF saawpLto make an educated guess at an upcoming test or exam
â¡§¢éÍÊͺgohngM khaawF saawpLto cheat on a test (i.e. with a crib note)
¢éͤÇÃÃÐÇѧkhaawF khuaanM raH wangM[medical] (medication) cautionary information
¢é͵¡Å§khaawF dtohkL lohngMagreement
¢é͵¡Å§ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃkhaawF dtohkL lohngM lakL gaanMan agreement in principle
¢éͶÒÁkhaawF thaamRquestioniare
¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§khaawF thetH jingMfact; evidence; case
¢éÍá¹Ð¹ÓkhaawF naeH nahmMtip; advice
¢é;ԾҷkhaawF phiH phaatFdispute; argument; controversy
¢éÍ¡àÇé¹khaawF yohkH wehnHexception; an exception to a rule
¢éÍàÃÕ¡ÃéͧkhaawF riiakF raawngHdemand; request; requirement; claim
¢éÍʹѺʹعkhaawF saL napL saL noonRa case
¶éÒà»ç¹¤Ó·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàµÔÁ»Ñ¨¨Ñ àªè¹ -er, -ing, -ic, or –y áÅСÒ÷ѺÈѾ·ìµÒÁÃÙ»¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡Äɴѧ¢éÍ ÷.ò ÍÒ¨·ÓãËéÍÍ¡àÊÕ§¼Ô´ä»¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒà´ÔÁÁÒ¡ ãËé«é͹¾ÂÑ­ª¹ÐµÑÇÊС´¢Í§¾ÂÒ§¤ìµé¹Íա˹Öè§à¾×èÍãËéàËç¹à¤éÒ¤Óà´ÔÁ àªè¹
thaaF bpenM khahmM theeF geertL jaakL gaanM dteermM bpatL jaiM chehnF -er, -ing, -ic, or –y laeH gaanM thapH sap[t]L dtaamM ruupF phaH yanM chaH naH phaaM saaR angM gritL dangM khaawF aatL thahmM haiF aawkL siiangR phitL bpaiM jaakL phaaM saaR deermM maakF haiF saawnH phaH yanM chaH naH dtuaaM saL gohtL khaawngR phaH yaang[k]M dtohnF eekL neungL pheuuaF haiF henR khaaoH khahmM deermM chehnF
If the word is one which arises from the use of a suffix such as -er, -ing, -ic, or –y and the use of rule 7.2 above results in a sound significantly at variance with the original English word, one should double the final consonant in order to be able to recognize the source of the original word, for example:
㹡óշÕè¡Ò÷ѺÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¹ÒÁµÒÁ¢éÍ ñð.ñ áÅТéÍ ñð.ò ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¡ӡÇÁËÃ×ͤÅÒ´à¤Å×è͹ ãËé·ÑºÈѾ·ìã¹ÃÙ»¤Ó¤Ø³ÈѾ·ì àªè¹
naiM gaL raH neeM theeF gaanM thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM naamM dtaamM khaawF sipL neungL laeH khaawF sipL saawngR thahmM haiF geertL khwaamM maayR gahmM guaamM reuuR khlaatF khleuuanF haiF thapH sap[t]L naiM ruupF khahmM khoonM sap[t]L chehnF
In cases in which transcriptions involving nouns under rules 10.1 and 10.2 above create meanings which are ambiguous or incorrect, the words should be changed to be stated in the adjectival form, for example:
ÂÍÁ¿Ñ§¢éͤԴàËç¹yaawmM fangM khaawF khitH henRopen-minded
ÅÍ¡¢éÍÊͺlaawkF khaawF saawpLTo cheat on a test (i.e. by copying someone else's paper)
ËÑÇ¢éÍhuaaR khaawFthe main case
sample
sentences
᡹¹Ó¾ÃäÂѧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÇѧàËÅ×ÍÍÂÙèàÅç¡ æ ÇèÒ¢é͵èÍÊÙé´Ñ§¡ÅèÒǨЪèÇÂãËéÃÍ´¾é¹¨Ò¡¤ÓµÑ´ÊÔ¹ÂØº¾Ãää´é
gaaenM nahmM phakH yangM meeM khwaamM wangR leuuaR yuuL lekH lekH waaF khaawF dtaawL suuF dangM glaaoL jaL chuayF haiF raawtF phohnH jaakL khahmM dtatL sinR yoopH phakH daiF
"The party leadership still has a tiny hope that these arguments will help free them from a decision to dissolve their party."
¢éÍ¡ÅèÒÇËÒ·Õè»Ãдѧà¢éÒãÊè¡ÅѺÍÂÙèã¹»ÃÐà´ç¹·ÕèÇèÒ¡ÒèѴ¡Òâͧ¾Å.µ.Í. ¤¹¹Ñé¹ àÍ×éÍ»ÃÐ⪹ìãËé¡Ñº¡ÅØèÁÍÓ¹Ò¨à¡èÒ
khaawF glaaoL haaR theeF bpraL dangM khaoF saiL glapL yuuL naiM bpraL denM theeF waaF gaanM jatL gaanM khaawngR khohnM nanH euuaF bpraL yoht[n]L haiF gapL gloomL ahmM naatF gaoL
"The (flood of) accusations which gushed out concerned management questions involving that particular police general who provided significant (and illegal) benefits to the old power clique."
à»ç¹¢éÍ¡ÅèÒÇËÒ·ÕèÂÒ¡á¡è¡ÒþÔÊÙ¨¹ì
bpenM khaawF glaaoL haaR theeF yaakF gaaeL gaanM phiH suut[n]L
"It is an accusation which is difficult to prove."
ÁÕ¢éͤÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñ¹ àªè¹ ·Õè «Öè§ Íѹ ÍÂèÒ§·Õè ª¹Ô´·Õè ãËé ÇèÒ ·ÕèÇèÒ ¤×Í à¾×èÍ ãËé à¾×èÍÇèÒ ÏÅÏ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
meeM khaawF khwaamM giaaoL khaawngF ganM chehnF theeF seungF anM yaangL theeF chaH nitH theeF haiF waaF theeF waaF kheuuM pheuuaF haiF pheuuaF waaF dtuaaM yaangL
Examples include, “that, which, or whom,” “which,” “which, that, or whom,” “in an instance where,” “in order that,” “that,” “as indicated,” “that is,” and “so that,” “in order to,” “in case of,” and others. Sample sentences:
ÁÕ¢éͨӡѴ·Õèà¢ÒäÁèÊÒÁÒö»¯ÔºÑµÔµÒÁ¢éÍàÃÕ¡Ãéͧä´é «Öè§¶éÒÃѺ¿Ñ§ÍÂèÒ§¢Íä»·Õ ¡ç¹èÒà»ç¹Ëèǧ
meeM khaawF jahmM gatL theeF khaoR maiF saaR maatF bpaL dtiL batL dtaamM khaawF riiakF raawngH daiF seungF thaaF rapH fangM yaangL khaawR bpaiM theeM gawF naaF bpenM huaangL
"Due to existing limitations, they are not able to accede to the demands; however, if they do pay heed these demands merely in a perfunctory manner, there is real cause for concern."
ËÑÇ¢éÍ¡ÒûÃЪØÁà¡ÕèÂǡѺÂÍ´¢Ò¢ͧÊÔ¹¤éÒµÑÇãËÁèÀÒÂãµéª×èÍáÍç¤ÁÕè
huaaR khaawF gaanM bpraL choomM giaaoL gapL yaawtF khaayR khaawngR sinR khaaH dtuaaM maiL phaayM dtaiF cheuuF aekL meeF
Mainly, this meeting is concerned with the sales results for new products under the Acme brand.
à˵ؼÅÊèǹ˹Öè§ÁÒ¨Ò¡µÃÐ˹ѡÃÙé¶Ö§¢éͼԴ¾ÅÒ´ºÒ§¨Ø´·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö鹨ҡ¤ÇÒÁäÁèÃͺ¤Íº¢Í§µÑÇàͧ
haehtL phohnR suaanL neungL maaM jaakL dtraL nakL ruuH theungR khaawF phitL phlaatF baangM jootL theeF geertL kheunF jaakL khwaamM maiF raawpF khaawpF khaawngR dtuaaM aehngM
"One of the reasons came from the realization that their error in part arose from their own lack of caution and discretion."
as a prefix¢éÍâµéà¶Õ§khaawF dtohF thiiangRdispute; argument; controversy
3.   [prefix]
definition
[prefix for a noun indicating] "items relating to..."

examples¡ÃÍ¡¢éͤÇÒÁgraawkL khaawF khwaamMto fill out (a form)
¢éÍ¡ÅèÒÇËÒkhaawF glaaoL haaRcriminal charge; accusation; legal violation; indictment
¢éÍá¡éµÑÇkhaawF gaaeF dtuaaMexcuses
¢éͤÇÒÁkhaawF khwaamMmessage; information
¢éͤÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹khaawF khwaamM khitH henRconcept; comment
¢éͺ¡¾ÃèͧkhaawF bohkL phraawngFfault; flaw; error; blunder; defect; weakness; drawback; shortcoming
¢éͺѧ¤ÑºkhaawF bangM khapHregulation; rule; requirement
¢éͺѭ­ÑµÔâ·ÉkhaawF banM yatH thohtFpenalty; legal punishment
¢é;ÔÊÙ¨¹ìkhaawF phiH suut[n]Lproof; evidence; substantiation
¢éÍá¿éÁkhaawF faaemHcase files; pertinent dossier
¢éÍÁÙÅkhaawF muunMdata; information
¢éÍÊѧࡵkhaawF sangR gaehtLobservation
¢éÍàÊÕÂà»ÃÕºkhaawF siiaR bpriiapLdisadvantage
¢éÍàÊÕÂËÒÂkhaawF siiaR haayRfault; flaw; mistake; error
sample
sentence
¢éͤ鹾º¢Í§à¢ÒãËéâÅ¡µéͧ»ÃШѡÉìã¹ÍÓ¹Ò¨¢Í§ÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷ҧÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì
khaawF khohnH phohpH khaawngR khaoR haiF lohkF dtaawngF bpraL jak[s]L naiM ahmM naatF khaawngR wiH theeM gaanM thaangM witH thaH yaaM saat[dr]L
"His discoveries provided clear evidence to the world of the power of the scientific method."
as a prefix¢éÍâµéáÂé§khaawF dtohF yaaengHdispute; argument
4.   [classifier]
definition
[numerical classifier for a questionnaire, condition, joint, answer, equation, knuckle, knot, node]

enumerated
nouns
à§×è͹ä¢ngeuuanF khaiRa condition
ÇÔÊѪ¹ÒwiH satL chaH naaM[formal term] an answer, a reply
⨷Âìjoht[y]L[mathematics] a problem; arithmetical question to be solved
·È¾Ô¸ÃÒª¸ÃÃÁthohtH saL phitH raatF chaH thamMthe 10 virtues of the king
¤ÓµÍºkhahmM dtaawpLan answer, a reply
¢éͶÒÁkhaawF thaamRquestioniare
¡®ËÁÒÂgohtL maayRlaw
¢éͺ¡¾ÃèͧkhaawF bohkL phraawngFfault; flaw; error; blunder; defect; weakness; drawback; shortcoming
¤ÓÁÑè¹khahmM manFa promise, a pledge, a word of honor; an oath
»¯Ô»Ø¨©ÒbpaL dtiL bpootL chaaR[formal term] rhetorical question
¤Ó¶ÒÁ·ÕèäÁèµéͧ¡Òäӵͺ
khahmM thaamR theeF maiF dtaawngF gaanM khahmM dtaawpL
rhetorical question
¢éͨӡѴkhaawF jahmM gatLlimitation; restriction
¢éÍËéÒÁkhaawF haamFprohibition; ban; taboo; forbiddance
º·Å§â·ÉbohtL lohngM thohtFpenalty; legal punishment
¤Ø³»ÃÐ⪹ìkhoonM bpraL yoht[n]Lbenefit; advantage; usefulness; utility; profit
¤ÓÊÒºÒ¹khahmM saaR baanMpromise; vow; oath; pledge; swearer; guarantee; warrant
¤ÓÊѵÂìkhahmM sat[y]Lpromise; vow; oath; pledge; swearer; guarantee; warrant
¢éÍàÃÕ¡ÃéͧkhaawF riiakF raawngHdemand; request; requirement; claim
¤ÓàÃÕ¡ÃéͧkhahmM riiakF raawngHdemand; request; requirement; claim
¢éÍ¡àÇé¹khaawF yohkH wehnHexception; an exception to a rule
examples¢éͨӡѴkhaawF jahmM gatLlimitation; restriction
¢éÍËéÒÁkhaawF haamFprohibition; ban; taboo; forbiddance

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