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¤×Í  kheuuM
pronunciation guide
Phonemic Thai¤×Í
IPAkʰɯː
Royal Thai General Systemkhue

common Thai word   [verb, transitive, auxiliary verb, conjunction]
definition
to be; as; namely; as follows; thus; as in; to wit; simply

related wordsÍÂÙè yuuLis (located at); to reside; to live (at)
à»ç¹ bpenMto be; <subject> is
examples
¡ç¤×͹ѡ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧµéͧäÁèÅØá¡èÍÓ¹Ò¨ äÁèÇèҨдéǤÇÒÁËŧ ËÃ×ÍàËÅÔ§â´ÂäÁè¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¼Ô´ ªÍº ªÑèÇ ´Õ
gawF kheuuM nakH gaanM meuuangM dtaawngF maiF looH gaaeL ahmM naatF maiF waaF jaL duayF khwaamM lohngR reuuR leerngR dooyM maiF khahmM neungM theungR phitL chaawpF chuaaF deeM
Politicians must not attain power—whether by mistake or by overconfidence—without considering the right or wrong, good or bad, (of their actions).
¤èҢͧ¤¹¤×ͤ¹¢Í§ã¤ÃkhaaF khaawngR khohnM kheuuM khohnM khaawngR khraiM"The worth of a person is according to his 'patronage.'"
¤×ÍËÇѧ㨨Ðä´éàËç¹ÅÙ¡à¨ÃÔ­¡éÒÇ˹éÒ ä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃç¨ã¹ªÕÇÔµ
kheuuM wangR jaiM jaL daiF henR luukF jaL reernM gaaoF naaF daiF rapH khwaamM sahmR retL naiM cheeM witH
That is, they hope that they will see their children progress and succeed in their lives
§Ù·ÕèÃéÒÂÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈÃé͹¤×ͧÙàËèÒ
nguuM theeF raayH maakF theeF sootL naiM bpraL thaehtF raawnH kheuuM nguuM haoL
The fiercest snake in tropical countries is the cobra.
·ÄɮշÕèÇèÒ ¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§¤×Í¡ÒôÓà¹Ô¹¡Ò÷ÕèºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôìâ´Â੾Òзҧ¨Ôµ
thritH saL deeM theeF waaF khwaamM jingM kheuuM gaanM dahmM neernM gaanM theeF bawL riH sootL dooyM chaL phawH thaangM jitL
activism
á¹Ç·Ò§¡ÒûÃѺÃÒ¤ÒÊÔ¹¤éÒÁÕÊͧ·Ò§¤×Í ËÒ¡äÁè»ÃѺ¢Öé¹ÃÒ¤Òâ´ÂµÃ§¡ç¨ÐãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÅ´¹éÓ˹ѡËÃ×Íä««ìÊÔ¹¤éÒŧ
naaeoM thaangM gaanM bprapL raaM khaaM sinR khaaH meeM saawngR thaangM kheuuM haakL maiF bprapL kheunF raaM khaaM dooyM dtrohngM gawF jaL chaiH wiH theeM gaanM lohtH nahmH nakL reuuR sai[s]M sinR khaaH lohngM
There are two ways of adjusting the price of products, if you do not directly increase the price: either you can reduce the (product's) weight or its size.
ÊÔè§·ÕèµÒÁÁÒ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÁÑè¹ã¹¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤¶´¶ÍÂŧ »Ñ­ËÒàÈÃɰ¡Ô¨áÅÐÍ×è¹ æ ¨ÐµÒÁÁÒÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ
singL theeF dtaamM maaM kheuuM khwaamM cheuuaF manF naiM gaanM bawL riH phohkF thohtL thaawyR lohngM bpanM haaR saehtL thaL gitL laeH euunL euunL jaL dtaamM maaM eekL maakF maayM
What follows will be that confidence (and thus) consumption will weaken. Economic and other problems of an even greater magnitude will follow.
ÍÓ¹Ò¨¤×͸ÃÃÁahmM naatF kheuuM thamM maH"Might is right."
sample
sentences
¡Òö͹·ËÒõéͧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÊ¶Ò¹¡Òóì áÅзÓẺ¤èÍÂà»ç¹¤èÍÂä» â´ÂÁըشÁØè§ËÁÒ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁʧºÊØ¢¢Í§»ÃÐà·ÈªÒµÔ
gaanM thaawnR thaH haanR dtaawngF kheunF yuuL gapL saL thaanR gaan[n]M laeH thahmM baaepL khaawyF bpenM khaawyF bpaiM dooyM meeM jootL moongF maayR kheuuM khwaamM saL ngohpL sookL khaawngR bpraL thaehtF chaatF
"Withdrawing the military must proceed by taking all factors into account and must be done gradually. The objective is to maintain peace and tranquility for the people."
¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡µÑé§äÁèãªèÊÒà赯 à»ç¹ÍÒ¡Òà ËÒ¡à¢éÒã¨á¤è¹ÕéäÁèä´é ¡ç¤×ÍäÃéà´Õ§ÊÒ¹Ñè¹àͧ
gaanM leuuakF dtangF maiF chaiF saaR haehtL bpenM aaM gaanM haakL khaoF jaiM khaaeF neeH maiF daiF gawF kheuuM raiH diiangM saaR nanF aehngM
"Elections are not the cause [of disagreements], they are only the symptoms. Those who do not understand this, are simply naïve."
¡ÒÃÇÔ¨Òóì¤×ͤÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ¨ÐËÒ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ·Õè»ÃÒ¡¯ã¹§Ò¹ÈÔÅ»ì áÅéÇ»ÃÐàÁÔ¹¤Ø³¤èÒ´éÇ»·Ñʶҹ¹Ò¹Òª¹Ô´
gaanM wiH jaan[n]M kheuuM khwaamM phaH yaaM yaamM jaL haaR khwaamM maayR theeF bpraaM gohtL naiM ngaanM sin[p]R laaeoH bpraL meernM khoonM khaaF duayF bpaL thatH thaanR naaM naaM chaH nitH
"Art criticism is the attempt to find meaning that is conveyed by a work of art and to evaluate that work using a variety of standards."
¡ÒÅÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓºÍ¡àÇÅÒ àªè¹
àªéÒ ÊÒ ºèÒ à·Õè§ àÂç¹ ¤èÓ Í´Õµ ͹Ҥµ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹

gaanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM baawkL waehM laaM chehnF chaaoH saayR baayL thiiangF yenM khahmF aL deetL aL naaM khohtH bpatL jooL banM
“Temporal modifiers” are modifying words which combine with other words to indicate time, for example:
“early,” “late,” “afternoon,” “noon,” “evening,” “dusk,” “past,” “future,” and “current.”
¢éʹբͧ·Äɮբͧà¨éÒÊÑÇ¡ÅèÒÇäÇé ¤×ÍÂѧªèÇÂÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÊÑ»ÃÐËÂÑ´Í´ÍÍÁ
khaawF deeM khaawngR thritH saL deeM khaawngR jaoF suaaR glaaoL waiH kheuuM yangM chuayF saangF niH saiR bpraL yatL ohtL aawmM
"The benefits of the theory espoused by the tycoon is that it will help encourage habits of conservation and savings."
¤ÇÒÁÁØè§ËÁÒÂÍѹÊÙ§ÊØ´¢Í§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¤×Í¡ÒÃãËéàÂÒǪ¹à»ç¹¼ÙéãË­è·ÕèºÃÃÅØÇØ²ÔÀÒÇзÑé§·Ò§ÍÒÃÁ³ìáÅÐʵԻѭ­Ò
khwaamM moongF maayR anM suungR sootL khaawngR gaanM seukL saaR kheuuM gaanM haiF yaoM waH chohnM bpenM phuuF yaiL theeF banM looH wootH phaaM waH thangH thaangM aaM rohm[n]M laeH saL dtiL bpanM yaaM
"The highest purpose of education is to allow our youth to become mature adults both emotionally and intellectually."
¤ÇÒÁÃÑ¡¤×Í¡Ò÷ÕèàÃÒÊÒÁÒöáÅÐÂÔ¹´Õ·Õè¨ÐãË餹·ÕèàÃÒÃÑ¡à»ç¹ã¹ÊÔè§·Õèà¢ÒàÅ×Í¡àͧâ´ÂäÁè´Ö§´Ñ¹·Õè¨ÐãËéà¢Ò·ÓµÒÁ¤ÇÒÁ¾Í㨢ͧàÃÒ
khwaamM rakH kheuuM gaanM theeF raoM saaR maatF laeH yinM deeM theeF jaL haiF khohnM theeF raoM rakH bpenM naiM singL theeF khaoR leuuakF aehngM dooyM maiF deungM danM theeF jaL haiF khaoR thahmM dtaamM khwaamM phaawM jaiM khaawngR raoM
"True love is to allow your beloved the freedom to follow her own dreams and not to compel her to follow yours."
¤Ó·Õèãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì ÁÕÍÂÙè ô »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í
khahmM theeF chaiH bpenM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L meeM yuuL seeL bpraL phaehtF kheuuM
There are four types of words used as modifiers:
¤ÓÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤӷÕè·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ, ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳì´éÇ¡ѹãËéä´é¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ÂÔè§¢Öé¹ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ àªè¹
khahmM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM theeF thahmM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM naamM khahmM sapL phaH naamM khahmM gaL riH yaaM laeH khahmM wiH saeht[n]L duayF ganM haiF daiF khwaamM chatH jaehnM yingF kheunF dtuaaM yaangL chehnF
A “modifier” is a word which serves the role of associating with a noun, pronoun, verb, or other modifier in order to bring greater clarity to it. Some examples are:
¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìáºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ñ𠪹Դ ¤×Í
khahmM wiH saeht[n]L baengL aawkL bpenM sipL chaH nitH kheuuM
Modifiers may be classified into 10 types; these are:
â¤Ã§¡ÒûÃЪҹÔÂÁºÒ§â¤Ã§¡ÒÃà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒÅÍÂæ¤×Íà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè¶Ù¡»Ôê§ ¢Öé¹ÁÒà©Â
khrohngM gaanM bpraL chaaM niH yohmM baangM khrohngM gaanM geertL kheunF maaM laawyM laawyM kheuuM bpenM reuuangF theeF thuukL bpingH kheunF maaM cheeuyR
"Some of these populist programs arise irresponsibly, that is, they are projects that just click with someone like love at first sight. ."
µÃ§¡Ñ¹¢éÒÁ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁàËç¹ÇèÒ ¤ÇÒÁÈÃÑ·¸ÒµèÍÇÑÇà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁ§Á§Ò ËÒ¡Áͧ¨Ò¡á§èÁØÁ¢Í§¡ÒÃãªé·ÃѾÂÒ¡ÃÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾·ÕèÊØ´ áÅéÇ ¤ÇÒÁÈÃÑ·¸ÒµèÍÇÑǹÑè¹ÅèÐ ¤×ÍÇÔ¶Õ·Ò§ãªé·ÃѾÂҡ÷Õè©ÅÒ´·ÕèÊØ´ã¹à§×è͹䢢ͧÍÔ¹à´ÕÂ
dtrohngM ganM khaamF gapL khwaamM henR waaF khwaamM satL thaaM dtaawL wuaaM bpenM khwaamM ngohmM ngaayM haakL maawngM jaakL ngaaeF moomM khaawngR gaanM chaiH sapH phaH yaaM gaawnM yaangL meeM bpraL sitL thiH phaapF theeF sootL laaeoH khwaamM satL thaaM dtaawL wuaaM nanF laF kheuuM wiH theeR thaangM chaiH sapH phaH yaaM gaawnM theeF chaL laatL theeF sootL naiM ngeuuanF khaiR khaawngR inM diiaM
(This idea) is quite contrary to the notion that cattle worship reflects merely blind faith, if one looks from the viewpoint of of using resources in the most efficient way possible. It is precisely cattle worship which provides the most intelligent method of using available resources under the conditions which exist in India.
...áµè·ÕèÊӤѭ¤×Í¡ÒÃÁÕÁ¹ØÉ¸ÃÃÁµèÍà¾×è͹ÃèÇÁâÅ¡àÁ×èÍàËç¹ÀѾԺѵԤÃèÒªÕÇÔµ¼Ù餹·ÕèÍÒ¨àÃÕ¡ä´éÇèÒµÒÂà»ç¹àº×Í áÅзÃѾÂìÊÔ¹àÊÕÂËÒÂÂèÍÂÂѺ
dtaaeL theeF sahmR khanM kheuuM gaanM meeM maH nootH saL yaH thamM maH dtaawL pheuuanF ruaamF lohkF meuuaF henR phaiM phiH batL khraaF cheeM witH phuuF khohnM theeF aatL riiakF daiF waaF dtaayM bpenM beuuaM laeH sap[y]H sinR siiaR haayR yaawyF yapH
...but most importantly the humaneness and compassion (we need to show) to our friends on this earth when we see the tragedy which takes the lives of (our fellow) human beings, which we may call “perishing in great numbers,” as well as the utter destruction of (their) property.
·Ñé§ÀÒ¤ÃѰáÅÐÀÒ¤àÍ¡ª¹µéͧªèÇ¡ѹµÕ»ÕêºãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭà»ç¹ÇÒÃÐáËè§ªÒµÔ ¤×Í àÃ×èͧÀÒÉÒä·Â
thangH phaakF ratH laeH phaakF aehkL gaL chohnM dtaawngF chuayF ganM dteeM bpeepH haiF khwaamM sahmR khanM bpenM waaM raH haengL chaatF kheuuM reuuangF phaaM saaR thaiM
"Both the government and the private sector should work together in advertising the importance of 'the National Agenda,' as in 'the matter of the Thai language.'"
·ÕèÊӤѭ¤×ÍÂÔè§¹Ò¹Çѹ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ¿Øé§à¿éÍÅèͧÅÍÂÂÔ觤Ãͺ§ÓàÂÒǪ¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹
theeF sahmR khanM kheuuM yingF naanM wanM khaaF niH yohmM foongH fuuhrH laawngF laawyM yingF khraawpF ngahmM yaoM waH chohnM maakF kheunF
"What is important is that with each passing day, the (negative) values extravagance and aimlessness have increasingly overwhelmed our youth."
¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×ÍÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ ÊÔè§¹Õé àªè¹ ¹Õè ¹Ñè¹ â¹è¹ ¹Õé ¹Ñé¹ â¹é¹ ·Ñé§¹Õé ·Ñé§¹Ñé¹ ÍÂèÒ§¹Õé ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á·é ¨ÃÔ§ ੾ÒÐ àͧ ´Í¡ á¹è¹Í¹ ·Õà´ÕÂÇ à·ÕÂÇ à¨ÕÂÇ ÏÅÏ
niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jahmM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL nanH singL neeH chehnF neeF nanF nohnF neeH nanH nohnH thangH neeH thangH nanH yaangL neeH yaangL nanH dangM neeH dangM nanH thaaeH jingM chaL phawH aehngM daawkL naaeF naawnM theeM diaaoM thiaaoM jiaaoM
“Demonstrative modifiers” are modifiers which serve to specify or limit the related word to a specific meaning or a specific item; such words include, “this,” “that,” “that one over there,” “all of these,” “all of those,” “like this,” “like that,” “as follows,” “like this (or that),” “truly,” “specifically,” “only this,” “at all,” “certainly,” “absolutely,” “certainly,” “surely, positively,” etc.
¹Õè¤×Ͷ¹¹¹Ñè¹ãªèäËÁ
neeF kheuuM thaL nohnR nanF chaiF maiR
"Is this the street?"
¹Õè¤×Í·ÕèÁҢͧÀÒÉÔµ¢éÒ§µé¹
neeF kheuuM theeF maaM khaawngR phaaM sitL khaangF dtohnF
This, then, is the historic background for the above saying.
¹Õè¤×ͺéÒ¹¢Í§¤Ø³ãªèäËÁ
neeF kheuuM baanF khaawngR khoonM chaiF maiR
"Is this your house?"
¹Õè¤×Íà¾×è͹¢Í§©Ñ¹ºêͺºÕé
neeF kheuuM pheuuanF khaawngR chanR baawpH beeF
"This is my friend Bobby."
¹Õè¤×ÍöãËÁè¢Í§©Ñ¹
neeF kheuuM rohtH maiL khaawngR chanR
"This is my new car."
ã¹ÀÒ¾ àÃҨѺä´éÊдǡÇèÒ ·ËÒà à»ç¹ã¤Ãà¾ÃÒÐà¤Ã×èͧẺºè§ªÑ´, áÅоÍ͹ØÁÒ¹ä´éÇèÒ ªÒǹҤ×Íã¤Ã à¾ÃÒмéÒ¢ÒÇÁéÒáÅÐà¤ÕÂǺ觺͡
naiM phaapF raoM japL daiF saL duaakL waaF thaH haanR bpenM khraiM phrawH khreuuangF baaepL bohngL chatH laeH phaawM aL nooH maanM daiF waaF chaaoM naaM kheuuM khraiM phrawH phaaF khaaoR maaH laeH khiaaoM bohngL baawkL
"We can easily see in the picture who the soldiers are because of their uniforms and we can deduce who the farmers are because of their waist cloths and sickles."
ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×ÍÁÔä´éºÍ¡ªÑ´Å§ä»ÇèÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹à·èÒ¹Õé à»ç¹áµè¡Ó˹´ÇèÒÁÒ¡ËÃ×͹éÍ«Ö觾ͨÐÃÙé¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂä´éâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒ³ àªè¹ ÁÒ¡ ¹éÍ ËÅÒ ·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¨Ø ·Ñ駻ǧ ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ºÃÃ´Ò ¤¹ÅÐ ÊÔè§ÅÐ µèÒ§ ºÒ§ ºéÒ§ ¡Ñ¹ ÏÅÏ àªè¹
baawkL jahmM nuaanM bpaL riH maanM kheuuM miH daiF baawkL chatH lohngM bpaiM waaF thaoF nanH thaoF neeH bpenM dtaaeL gahmM nohtL waaF maakF reuuR naawyH seungF phaawM jaL ruuH khwaamM maayR daiF dooyM bpaL riH maanM chehnF maakF naawyH laayR thangH laayR jooL thangH bpuaangM thangH mohtL banM daaM khohnM laH singL laH dtaangL baangM baangF ganM chehnF
To indicate a quantity, although it is not necessary that the number be precise; the modifier may indicate “many” or “a few” just to show an approximation of the amount. Examples include, “a lot,” “few,” “many,” “all of,” “much,” “the entirety of,” “all of,” “complete,” “each one of,” “one of,” “each and every,” “some,” “partly,” “each other,” etc. Some examples include:
ºèÍà¡Ô´ÍÕ¡ºèÍà¡Ô´Ë¹Öè§¡ç¤×ÍÊӹѡ¢èÒǵèÒ§ æ ·Õèá»Å¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒÍѧ¡ÄÉËÃ×ÍÀÒÉÒµèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÁÒà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒä·Â ¡çÍÍ¡ÁÒà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒ»ÃÐËÅÒ´ æ àËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹...
baawL geertL eekL baawL geertL neungL gawF kheuuM sahmR nakH khaaoL dtaangL dtaangL theeF bplaaeM jaakL phaaM saaR angM gritL reuuR phaaM saaR dtaangL bpraL thaehtF maaM bpenM phaaM saaR thaiM gawF aawkL maaM bpenM phaaM saaR bpraL laatL bpraL laatL meuuanR ganM
Another source comprises various news publishers which translate from English or other languages into Thai. Sometimes [these translations] result in strange and unusual [Thai words and phrases]...
ºéÒ¹¤×Í·Õè·Õèã¨àÃÒÍÂÙè
baanF kheuuM theeF theeF jaiM raoM yuuL
"Home is where the heart is."
ºéÒ¹¤×Í·Õè·ÕèËÑÇã¨ÍÒÈÑÂÍÂÙè
baanF kheuuM theeF theeF huaaR jaiM aaM saiR yuuL
"Home is where the heart is."
ºéÒ¹¤×ÍÇÔÁÒ¹¢Í§àÃÒ
baanF kheuuM wiH maanM khaawngR raoM
"A man’s home is his castle."
ºÔ´ÒÁÒôҤ×;ÃËÁ¢Í§ºØµÃ
biL daaM maanM daaM kheuuM phrohmM khaawngR boot[r]L
"Next to God, the parents."
»ÃеԪ­ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»Ãк͡àÊÕ§ÃéͧàÃÕ¡áÅÐàÊÕ§¢Ò¹ÃѺ à¾×èÍáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁÊÅÐÊÅÇ¢ͧÀÒÉÒ áÅÐáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¡Ñ¹àͧÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ùé¾Ù´ àªè¹ ¨ëÒ ¢ÍÃѺ àÇé âÇé âÇ áÅкÃôҤӢÍÃѺ·Õè¡ÅèÒÇáÅéÇ㹤ÓÇÔàÈɳìÃÒªÒÈѾ·ì·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ (´Ù¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìÃÒªÒÈѾ·ì¢éҧ˹éÒ)
bpraL dtitL chaH yaaM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL baawkL siiangR raawngH riiakF laeH siiangR khaanR rapH pheuuaF saL daaengM khwaamM saL laL saL luayR khaawngR phaaM saaR laeH saL daaengM khwaamM bpenM ganM aehngM raH waangL phuuF phuutF chehnF jaaR khaawR rapH weeuyH wooyH wooyM laeH banM daaM khahmM khaawR rapH theeF glaaoL laaeoH naiM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L raaM chaaM sap[t]L thangH sinF duuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L raaM chaaM sap[t]L khaangF naaF
Affirmative Modifiers are modifiers which are expressions of calling out and requesting or of answering and response; these words show the melodiousness of the language. The use of these words also indicate that both the parties to the conversation have an informal or friendly relationship to each other. Words include the following: “jaa,” “khorap,” “woiy (high tone”), “wooy (high tone)” “wooy (mid tone)” as well as all the other response words included in the royal language modifiers (See the the list of royal language modifiers below.) [The text itself contains a separate section on royal language modifiers.] Sample sentences include:
»ÃеÔàɸÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁ»¯Ôàʸ ËÃ×ÍäÁèÂÍÁÃѺ àªè¹ äÁè, ÁÔ ãªè, äÁèãªè, º, ºè, ºèÁÔ, ºÃÒ§, Ä, Äå, ÁÔä´é, äÁèä´é, ËÒäÁè, ËÒ...äÁè, ËÒÁÔä´é, äÁè...ÁÔä´é, äÁè...ËÒÁÔä´é ¤Ó»ÃеÔàɸÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¨Ð»¯Ôàʸ·Õè¹ÒÁ ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ ¡ÃÔÂÒ ËÃ×Í ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¡çä´é
bpraL dtiL saehtL wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM bpaL dtiL saehtL reuuR maiF yaawmM rapH chehnF maiF miH chaiF maiF chaiF baawM baawL baawL miH bawL raangM reuuM miH daiF maiF daiF haaR maiF haaR maiF haaR miH daiF maiF miH daiF maiF haaR miH daiF khahmM bpraL dtiL saehtL wiH saeht[n]L jaL bpaL dtiL saehtL theeF naamM sapL phaH naamM gaL riH yaaM reuuR wiH saeht[n]L gawF daiF
“Negative modifiers” are modifying words which indicate refusal or unacceptability, for example, “not,” (etc.) [The meanings of the Thai words in the list are similar.] These negative modifiers can be associated with nouns, pronouns, verbs, or other modifiers.
»Ãоѹ¸ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒËÃ×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì à¾×èÍàª×èÍÁ»ÃÐâ¤ãËé
bpraL phanM thaH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM gaL riH yaaM reuuR khahmM wiH saeht[n]L pheuuaF cheuuamF bpraL yohkL haiF
“Relative modifiers” are modifiers which are composed of verbs or other modifiers in order to connect clauses to produce cohesive paragraphs.
»ÃÐÁÒ³ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹ áºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ò ª¹Ô´¤×Í
bpraL maanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL jahmM nuaanM baengL aawkL bpenM saawngR chaH nitH kheuuM
“Quantitative modifiers” are modifiers which indicate amounts and are composed of two types