| |
|
[verb, transitive, auxiliary verb, conjunction]
|
| definition | to be; as; namely; as follows; thus; as in; to wit; simply
|
| related words | ÍÂÙè  | yuuL | is (located at); to reside; to live (at) |
à»ç¹  | bpenM | to be; <subject> is |
| examples | |
¤èҢͧ¤¹¤×ͤ¹¢Í§ã¤Ã | khaaF khaawngR khohnM kheuuM khohnM khaawngR khraiM | "The worth of a person is according to his 'patronage.'" |
|
|
|
|
ÊÔè§·ÕèµÒÁÁÒ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÁÑè¹ã¹¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤¶´¶ÍÂŧ »ÑËÒàÈÃɰ¡Ô¨áÅÐÍ×è¹ æ ¨ÐµÒÁÁÒÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡ÁÒ singL theeF dtaamM maaM kheuuM khwaamM cheuuaF manF naiM gaanM bawL riH phohkF thohtL thaawyR lohngM bpanM haaR saehtL thaL gitL laeH euunL euunL jaL dtaamM maaM eekL maakF maayMWhat follows will be that confidence (and thus) consumption will weaken. Economic and other problems of an even greater magnitude will follow. |
ÍÓ¹Ò¨¤×͸ÃÃÁ | ahmM naatF kheuuM thamM maH | "Might is right." |
sample sentences | ¡Òö͹·ËÒõéͧ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÊ¶Ò¹¡Òóì áÅзÓẺ¤èÍÂà»ç¹¤èÍÂä» â´ÂÁըشÁØè§ËÁÒ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁʧºÊØ¢¢Í§»ÃÐà·ÈªÒµÔ gaanM thaawnR thaH haanR dtaawngF kheunF yuuL gapL saL thaanR gaan[n]M laeH thahmM baaepL khaawyF bpenM khaawyF bpaiM dooyM meeM jootL moongF maayR kheuuM khwaamM saL ngohpL sookL khaawngR bpraL thaehtF chaatF"Withdrawing the military must proceed by taking all factors into account and must be done gradually. The objective is to maintain peace and tranquility for the people." |
|
|
¡ÒÅÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓºÍ¡àÇÅÒ àªè¹ àªéÒ ÊÒ ºèÒ à·Õè§ àÂç¹ ¤èÓ Í´Õµ ͹Ҥµ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ gaanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM baawkL waehM laaM chehnF chaaoH saayR baayL thiiangF yenM khahmF aL deetL aL naaM khohtH bpatL jooL banM“Temporal modifiers” are modifying words which combine with other words to indicate time, for example: “early,” “late,” “afternoon,” “noon,” “evening,” “dusk,” “past,” “future,” and “current.” |
¢éʹբͧ·Äɮբͧà¨éÒÊÑÇ¡ÅèÒÇäÇé ¤×ÍÂѧªèÇÂÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÊÑ»ÃÐËÂÑ´Í´ÍÍÁ khaawF deeM khaawngR thritH saL deeM khaawngR jaoF suaaR glaaoL waiH kheuuM yangM chuayF saangF niH saiR bpraL yatL ohtL aawmM"The benefits of the theory espoused by the tycoon is that it will help encourage habits of conservation and savings." |
|
|
¤Ó·Õèãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì ÁÕÍÂÙè ô »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í khahmM theeF chaiH bpenM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L meeM yuuL seeL bpraL phaehtF kheuuMThere are four types of words used as modifiers: |
|
¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìáºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ñ𠪹Դ ¤×Í khahmM wiH saeht[n]L baengL aawkL bpenM sipL chaH nitH kheuuMModifiers may be classified into 10 types; these are: |
â¤Ã§¡ÒûÃЪҹÔÂÁºÒ§â¤Ã§¡ÒÃà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒÅÍÂæ¤×Íà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè¶Ù¡»Ôê§ ¢Öé¹ÁÒà©Â khrohngM gaanM bpraL chaaM niH yohmM baangM khrohngM gaanM geertL kheunF maaM laawyM laawyM kheuuM bpenM reuuangF theeF thuukL bpingH kheunF maaM cheeuyR"Some of these populist programs arise irresponsibly, that is, they are projects that just click with someone like love at first sight.
." |
|
...áµè·ÕèÊӤѤ×Í¡ÒÃÁÕÁ¹ØÉ¸ÃÃÁµèÍà¾×è͹ÃèÇÁâÅ¡àÁ×èÍàËç¹ÀѾԺѵԤÃèÒªÕÇÔµ¼Ù餹·ÕèÍÒ¨àÃÕ¡ä´éÇèÒµÒÂà»ç¹àº×Í áÅзÃѾÂìÊÔ¹àÊÕÂËÒÂÂèÍÂÂѺ dtaaeL theeF sahmR khanM kheuuM gaanM meeM maH nootH saL yaH thamM maH dtaawL pheuuanF ruaamF lohkF meuuaF henR phaiM phiH batL khraaF cheeM witH phuuF khohnM theeF aatL riiakF daiF waaF dtaayM bpenM beuuaM laeH sap[y]H sinR siiaR haayR yaawyF yapH...but most importantly the humaneness and compassion (we need to show) to our friends on this earth when we see the tragedy which takes the lives of (our fellow) human beings, which we may call “perishing in great numbers,” as well as the utter destruction of (their) property. |
·Ñé§ÀÒ¤ÃѰáÅÐÀÒ¤àÍ¡ª¹µéͧªèÇ¡ѹµÕ»ÕêºãËé¤ÇÒÁÊÓ¤Ñà»ç¹ÇÒÃÐáËè§ªÒµÔ ¤×Í àÃ×èͧÀÒÉÒä·Â thangH phaakF ratH laeH phaakF aehkL gaL chohnM dtaawngF chuayF ganM dteeM bpeepH haiF khwaamM sahmR khanM bpenM waaM raH haengL chaatF kheuuM reuuangF phaaM saaR thaiM"Both the government and the private sector should work together in advertising the importance of 'the National Agenda,' as in 'the matter of the Thai language.'" |
·ÕèÊӤѤ×ÍÂÔè§¹Ò¹Çѹ¤èÒ¹ÔÂÁ¿Øé§à¿éÍÅèͧÅÍÂÂÔ觤Ãͺ§ÓàÂÒǪ¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ theeF sahmR khanM kheuuM yingF naanM wanM khaaF niH yohmM foongH fuuhrH laawngF laawyM yingF khraawpF ngahmM yaoM waH chohnM maakF kheunF"What is important is that with each passing day, the (negative) values extravagance and aimlessness have increasingly overwhelmed our youth." |
¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×ÍÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ ÊÔè§¹Õé àªè¹ ¹Õè ¹Ñè¹ â¹è¹ ¹Õé ¹Ñé¹ â¹é¹ ·Ñé§¹Õé ·Ñé§¹Ñé¹ ÍÂèÒ§¹Õé ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á·é ¨ÃÔ§ ੾ÒÐ àͧ ´Í¡ á¹è¹Í¹ ·Õà´ÕÂÇ à·ÕÂÇ à¨ÕÂÇ ÏÅÏ niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jahmM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL nanH singL neeH chehnF neeF nanF nohnF neeH nanH nohnH thangH neeH thangH nanH yaangL neeH yaangL nanH dangM neeH dangM nanH thaaeH jingM chaL phawH aehngM daawkL naaeF naawnM theeM diaaoM thiaaoM jiaaoM “Demonstrative modifiers” are modifiers which serve to specify or limit the related word to a specific meaning or a specific item; such words include, “this,” “that,” “that one over there,” “all of these,” “all of those,” “like this,” “like that,” “as follows,” “like this (or that),” “truly,” “specifically,” “only this,” “at all,” “certainly,” “absolutely,” “certainly,” “surely, positively,” etc. |
|
¹Õè¤×Í·ÕèÁҢͧÀÒÉÔµ¢éÒ§µé¹ neeF kheuuM theeF maaM khaawngR phaaM sitL khaangF dtohnFThis, then, is the historic background for the above saying. |
|
|
¹Õè¤×ÍöãËÁè¢Í§©Ñ¹ neeF kheuuM rohtH maiL khaawngR chanR"This is my new car." |
|
ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×ÍÁÔä´éºÍ¡ªÑ´Å§ä»ÇèÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹à·èÒ¹Õé à»ç¹áµè¡Ó˹´ÇèÒÁÒ¡ËÃ×͹éÍ«Ö觾ͨÐÃÙé¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂä´éâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒ³ àªè¹ ÁÒ¡ ¹éÍ ËÅÒ ·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¨Ø ·Ñ駻ǧ ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ºÃÃ´Ò ¤¹ÅÐ ÊÔè§ÅÐ µèÒ§ ºÒ§ ºéÒ§ ¡Ñ¹ ÏÅÏ àªè¹ baawkL jahmM nuaanM bpaL riH maanM kheuuM miH daiF baawkL chatH lohngM bpaiM waaF thaoF nanH thaoF neeH bpenM dtaaeL gahmM nohtL waaF maakF reuuR naawyH seungF phaawM jaL ruuH khwaamM maayR daiF dooyM bpaL riH maanM chehnF maakF naawyH laayR thangH laayR jooL thangH bpuaangM thangH mohtL banM daaM khohnM laH singL laH dtaangL baangM baangF ganM chehnFTo indicate a quantity, although it is not necessary that the number be precise; the modifier may indicate “many” or “a few” just to show an approximation of the amount. Examples include, “a lot,” “few,” “many,” “all of,” “much,” “the entirety of,” “all of,” “complete,” “each one of,” “one of,” “each and every,” “some,” “partly,” “each other,” etc. Some examples include: |
|
|
|
ºéÒ¹¤×ÍÇÔÁÒ¹¢Í§àÃÒ baanF kheuuM wiH maanM khaawngR raoM"A man’s home is his castle." |
ºÔ´ÒÁÒôҤ×;ÃËÁ¢Í§ºØµÃ biL daaM maanM daaM kheuuM phrohmM khaawngR boot[r]L"Next to God, the parents." |
»ÃеԪÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»Ãк͡àÊÕ§ÃéͧàÃÕ¡áÅÐàÊÕ§¢Ò¹ÃѺ à¾×èÍáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁÊÅÐÊÅÇ¢ͧÀÒÉÒ áÅÐáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¡Ñ¹àͧÃÐËÇèÒ§¼Ùé¾Ù´ àªè¹ ¨ëÒ ¢ÍÃѺ àÇé âÇé âÇ áÅкÃôҤӢÍÃѺ·Õè¡ÅèÒÇáÅéÇ㹤ÓÇÔàÈɳìÃÒªÒÈѾ·ì·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ (´Ù¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìÃÒªÒÈѾ·ì¢éҧ˹éÒ) bpraL dtitL chaH yaaM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL baawkL siiangR raawngH riiakF laeH siiangR khaanR rapH pheuuaF saL daaengM khwaamM saL laL saL luayR khaawngR phaaM saaR laeH saL daaengM khwaamM bpenM ganM aehngM raH waangL phuuF phuutF chehnF jaaR khaawR rapH weeuyH wooyH wooyM laeH banM daaM khahmM khaawR rapH theeF glaaoL laaeoH naiM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L raaM chaaM sap[t]L thangH sinF duuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L raaM chaaM sap[t]L khaangF naaFAffirmative Modifiers are modifiers which are expressions of calling out and requesting or of answering and response; these words show the melodiousness of the language. The use of these words also indicate that both the parties to the conversation have an informal or friendly relationship to each other. Words include the following: “jaa,” “khorap,” “woiy (high tone”), “wooy (high tone)” “wooy (mid tone)” as well as all the other response words included in the royal language modifiers (See the the list of royal language modifiers below.) [The text itself contains a separate section on royal language modifiers.] Sample sentences include: |
»ÃеÔàɸÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁ»¯Ôàʸ ËÃ×ÍäÁèÂÍÁÃѺ àªè¹ äÁè, ÁÔ ãªè, äÁèãªè, º, ºè, ºèÁÔ, ºÃÒ§, Ä, Äå, ÁÔä´é, äÁèä´é, ËÒäÁè, ËÒ...äÁè, ËÒÁÔä´é, äÁè...ÁÔä´é, äÁè...ËÒÁÔä´é ¤Ó»ÃеÔàɸÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¨Ð»¯Ôàʸ·Õè¹ÒÁ ÊÃþ¹ÒÁ ¡ÃÔÂÒ ËÃ×Í ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¡çä´é bpraL dtiL saehtL wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM bpaL dtiL saehtL reuuR maiF yaawmM rapH chehnF maiF miH chaiF maiF chaiF baawM baawL baawL miH bawL raangM reuuM miH daiF maiF daiF haaR maiF haaR maiF haaR miH daiF maiF miH daiF maiF haaR miH daiF khahmM bpraL dtiL saehtL wiH saeht[n]L jaL bpaL dtiL saehtL theeF naamM sapL phaH naamM gaL riH yaaM reuuR wiH saeht[n]L gawF daiF“Negative modifiers” are modifying words which indicate refusal or unacceptability, for example, “not,” (etc.) [The meanings of the Thai words in the list are similar.] These negative modifiers can be associated with nouns, pronouns, verbs, or other modifiers. |
»Ãоѹ¸ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒËÃ×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì à¾×èÍàª×èÍÁ»ÃÐâ¤ãËé bpraL phanM thaH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khahmM gaL riH yaaM reuuR khahmM wiH saeht[n]L pheuuaF cheuuamF bpraL yohkL haiF“Relative modifiers” are modifiers which are composed of verbs or other modifiers in order to connect clauses to produce cohesive paragraphs. |
»ÃÐÁÒ³ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹ áºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ò ª¹Ô´¤×Í bpraL maanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL jahmM nuaanM baengL aawkL bpenM saawngR chaH nitH kheuuM“Quantitative modifiers” are modifiers which indicate amounts and are composed of two types |
|