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| I. | A “modifier” is a word which serves the role of associating with a noun, pronoun, verb, or other modifier in order to bring greater clarity to it. Some examples are: | ¤ÓÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤӷÕè·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ, ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳì´éÇ¡ѹãËéä´é¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ÂÔè§¢Öé¹ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ àªè¹ khamM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM theeF thamM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM naamM khamM sapL phaH naamM khamM gaL riH yaaM laeH khamM wiH saeht[n]L duayF ganM haiF daiF khwaamM chatH jaehnM yingF kheunF dtuaaM yaangL chehnF |
| 1. | associating with and modifying nouns | »ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ bpraL gaawpL khamM naamM |
| The fat person is a friend of the skinny person. | ¤¹Íéǹà»ç¹à¾×è͹¡Ñº¤¹¼ÍÁ khohnM uaanF bpenM pheuuanF gapL khohnM phaawmR |
| The round table is painted yellow. | âµêСÅÁ·ÒÊÕàËÅ×ͧ dtoH glohmM thaaM seeR leuuangR |
| The good person has melodious speech. | ¤¹´ÕÁÕÇÒ¨Òä¾àÃÒÐ khohnM deeM meeM waaM jaaM phaiM rawH |
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| 2. | associating with and modifying pronouns | »ÃСͺ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ bpraL gaawpL khamM sapL phaH naamM |
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| 3. | associating with and modifying verbs | »ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ bpraL gaawpL khamM gaL riH yaaM |
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| 4. | associating with and modifying other modifiers | »ÃСͺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì bpraL gaawpL khamM wiH saeht[n]L |
| He ate quite heartily. [modifying 'heartily'] | à¢Ò¡Ô¹ÍÒËÒèØÁÒ¡ [»ÃСͺ ¨Ø] khaoR ginM aaM haanR jooL maakF bpraL gaawpL jooL |
| The ponderous overweight man is running very slowly. [modifying 'overweight'] | ¤¹ÍéǹµØêµÐÇÔ觪éÒ [»ÃСͺ Íéǹ] khohnM uaanF dtooH dtaL wingF chaaH bpraL gaawpL uaanF |
| He loves his brother immensely much. [modifying 'much'] | à¢ÒÃÑ¡¹éͧÁÒ¡àËÅ×Íà¡Ô¹ [»ÃСͺ ÁÒ¡] khaoR rakH naawngH maakF leuuaR geernM bpraL gaawpL maakF |
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| II. | There are four types of words used as modifiers: | ¤Ó·Õèãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì ÁÕÍÂÙè ô »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í khamM theeF chaiH bpenM khamM wiH saeht[n]L meeM yuuL seeL bpraL phaehtF kheuuM |
| 1. | True modifiers, such as the following words: “good,” “evil,” “high,” “low,” “black,” “white,” “long,” “short,” “big,” “small,” etc. | ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìá·é ä´éá¡è¤Ó ´Õ ªÑèÇ ÊÙ§ µèÓ ´Ó ¢ÒÇ ÂÒÇ ÊÑé¹ ãËè àÅç¡ ÏÅÏ khamM wiH saeht[n]L thaaeH daiF gaaeL khamM deeM chuaaF suungR dtamL damM khaaoR yaaoM sanF yaiL lekH |
| 2. | Nouns: specifically, nouns which are combined with other types of words and perform the same function as modifiers, for example, “domestic fowl,” “wild fowl,” “[terrestrial] elephant,” “a teacher of students,” and “a senior teacher.” | ¤Ó¹ÒÁ ä´éá¡è¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹ áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì àªè¹ ä¡èºéÒ¹ ä¡è»èÒ ªéÒ§º¡ ¤ÃÙà´ç¡ ¤ÃÙ¼ÙéãËè ÏÅÏ khamM naamM daiF gaaeL khamM naamM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L chehnF gaiL baanF gaiL bpaaL chaangH bohkL khruuM dekL khruuM phuuF yaiL |
| 3. | Verbs: specifically, verbs which are combined with other types of words and perform the same function as modifiers, for example, | ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ ä´éá¡è¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì àªè¹ khamM gaL riH yaaM daiF gaaeL khamM gaL riH yaaM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L chehnF |
| The seller [literally the person who is selling] and the buyer [lit. the person who is buying] are arguing with each other. | ¤¹«×é͡Ѻ¤¹¢ÒµèÒ§âµéà¶Õ§ khohnM seuuH gapL khohnM khaayR dtaangL dtohF thiiangR |
| People [who have] died are burdens on people [who are] living. — “The dead impoverish the living.” | ¤¹µÒ¢Ò¤¹à»ç¹ khohnM dtaayM khaayR khohnM bpenM |
| The spectators [people who are watching] are calling for the players [people who are playing] to play more slowly. | ¤¹´ÙÃéͧºÍ¡¤¹àÅè¹ãËéàÅ蹪éÒ æ khohnM duuM raawngH baawkL khohnM lehnF haiF lehnF chaaH chaaH |
| The lathe operator depends on the person drawing the wood; the sculptor depends on the writer. | ¤¹¡ÅÖ§µéͧ¾Ö觤¹ªÑ¡¤¹ÊÅÑ¡µéͧ¾Ö觤¹à¢Õ¹ khohnM gleungM dtaawngF pheungF khohnM chakH khohnM saL lakL dtaawngF pheungF khohnM khiianR |
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| 4. | Phrases or word groups: specifically word groups which are combined with other words and which function as modifiers: | ÇÅÕ ä´éá¡è¡ÅØèÁ¤Ó·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì waH leeM daiF gaaeL gloomL khamM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L |
| Persons who sell cloth are not willing to come close to persons who sell pigs. | ¤¹¢Ò¼éÒäÁè¡ÅéÒà¢éÒã¡Å餹¢ÒÂËÁÙ khohnM khaayR phaaF maiF glaaF khaoF glaiF khohnM khaayR muuR |
| Children who love to study tend not to socialize with those students who become bored with their studies. | à´ç¡ÃÑ¡àÃÕ¹¡Ñºà´ç¡àº×èÍàÃÕ¹ÁÑ¡äÁèÊÁÒ¤Á¡Ñ¹ dekL rakH riianM gapL dekL beuuaL riianM makH maiF saL maaM khohmM ganM |
| The barber [lit. person who cuts hair] holds the hand of the blind man [the person who is blind]. | ¤¹µÑ´¼Á¨Ù§Á×ͤ¹µÒºÍ´ khohnM dtatL phohmR juungM meuuM khohnM dtaaM baawtL |
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| III. | Types of modifiers | ª¹Ô´¢Í§¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì chaH nitH khaawngR khamM wiH saeht[n]L |
| Modifiers may be classified into 10 types; these are: | ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìáºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ñ𠪹Դ ¤×Í khamM wiH saeht[n]L baengL aawkL bpenM sipL chaH nitH kheuuM |
| 1. | “Modifiers describing characteristics” which are combined with other words to describe various characteristics, such as describing the type, color, shape, size, sound, symptom, smell, taste, and feel, for example: “good,” “evil,” “white,” “black,” “round,” “flat,” “large,” “small,” “thudding,” “thundering,” “fast, “slow,” “fragrant,” “stinky,” “sour,” “sweet,” “hot,” “cold,” etc. | ÅѡɳÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡ÅѡɳеèÒ§ æ àªè¹ ºÍ¡ª¹Ô´, ÊÕ, Êѳ°Ò¹, ¢¹Ò´, àÊÕ§, ÍÒ¡ÒÃ, ¡ÅÔè¹, ÃÊ, ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ à»ç¹µé¹ àªè¹ ´Õ, ªÑèÇ, ¢ÒÇ, ´Ó, ¡ÅÁ, ẹ, ãËè, àÅç¡, â¤ÃÁ, à»ÃÕé§, àÃçÇ, ªéÒ, ËÍÁ, àËÁç¹, à»ÃÕéÂÇ, ËÇÒ¹, Ãé͹, àÂç¹ ÏÅÏ lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL lakH saL naL dtaangL dtaangL chehnF baawkL chaH nitH seeR sanR thaanR khaL naatL siiangR aaM gaanM glinL rohtH khwaamM ruuH seukL bpenM dtohnF chehnF deeM chuaaF khaaoR damM glohmM baaenM yaiL lekH khrohmM bpriiangF reoM chaaH haawmR menR bpriaaoF waanR raawnH yenM |
| Nouns and verbs which are used as modifiers are usually “characteristic modifiers” and any modifier which cannot be otherwise be classified will be considered to be a “characteristic modifier.” | ¤Ó¹ÒÁáÅФӡÃÔÂÒ·Õè¹ÓÁÒãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì â´ÂÁÒ¡à»ç¹ÅѡɳÇÔàÈɳì áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳìã´ æ ·Õè¨Ñ´à¢éÒ㹤ÓÇÔàÈɳ쪹ԴÍ×è¹ æ äÁèä´é µéͧ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹ÅѡɳÇÔàÈɳì·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ khamM naamM laeH khamM gaL riH yaaM theeF namM maaM chaiH bpenM khamM wiH saeht[n]L dooyM maakF bpenM lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L laeH khamM wiH saeht[n]L daiM daiM theeF jatL khaoF naiM khamM wiH saeht[n]L chaH nitH euunL euunL maiF daiF dtaawngF napH waaF bpenM lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L thangH sinF |
| 2. | “Temporal modifiers” are modifying words which combine with other words to indicate time, for example: “early,” “late,” “afternoon,” “noon,” “evening,” “dusk,” “past,” “future,” and “current.” | ¡ÒÅÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓºÍ¡àÇÅÒ àªè¹ àªéÒ ÊÒ ºèÒ à·Õè§ àÂç¹ ¤èÓ Í´Õµ ͹Ҥµ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ gaanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM baawkL waehM laaM chehnF chaaoH saayR baayL thiiangF yenM khamF aL deetL aL naaM khohtH bpatL jooL banM |
| Examples: | µÑÇÍÂèÒ§  dtuaaM yaangL |
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| In the first sentence the time modifier is associated with a noun; in the second sentence it is associated with a pronoun; in the third sentence the modifier is associated with a verb; and, in the fourth, it is associated with another modifier. | ã¹»ÃÐ⤷Õè˹Öè§ ¡ÒÅÇÔàÈɳì»ÃСͺ¹ÒÁ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ò »ÃСͺÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ó »ÃСͺ¡ÃÔÂÒ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ô »ÃСͺÇÔàÈɳì naiM bpraL yohkL theeF neungL gaanM wiH saeht[n]L bpraL gaawpL naamM bpraL yohkL theeF saawngR bpraL gaawpL sapL phaH naamM bpraL yohkL theeF saamR bpraL gaawpL gaL riH yaaM bpraL yohkL theeF seeL bpraL gaawpL wiH saeht[n]L |
| 3. | “Locational modifiers” are those that enhance words to indicate location, for example, “over,” “under,” “above,” “below,” “near,” “far,” “on land,” “on the water,” “at home,” “in the forest,” etc. | ʶҹÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡Ê¶Ò¹·Õè àªè¹ º¹ ÅèÒ§ à˹×Í ãµé ã¡Åé ä¡Å º¡ ¹éÓ ºéÒ¹ »èÒ ÏÅÏ saL thaanR naH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL saL thaanR theeF chehnF bohnM laangF neuuaR dtaiF glaiF glaiM bohkL naamH baanF bpaaL |
| Example sentences: | µÑÇÍÂèÒ§  dtuaaM yaangL |
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| With respect to this type of word, if there is a noun or a pronoun following it, the word will serve the function of a preposition, for example, | ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳ쪹Դ¹Õé ¶éÒÁÕ¤Ó¹ÒÁËÃ×ÍÊÃþ¹ÒÁÁÒÃѺ¢éÒ§ËÅѧ ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹¤ÓºØ¾º· àªè¹ khamM wiH saeht[n]L chaH nitH neeH thaaF meeM khamM naamM reuuR sapL phaH naamM maaM rapH khaangF langR napH waaF bpenM khamM boopL phaH bohtL chehnF |
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| 4. | “Quantitative modifiers” are modifiers which indicate amounts and are composed of two types | »ÃÐÁÒ³ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹ áºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ò ª¹Ô´¤×Í bpraL maanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL jamM nuaanM baengL aawkL bpenM saawngR chaH nitH kheuuM |
| To indicate a counting number, such as “one ,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” “fifth,” etc.; in this context, both numerical and word notations may be used. | ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹¹Ñº àªè¹ ˹Öè§ Êͧ ÊÒÁ ÊÕè ËéÒ ·Õè˹Öè§ ·ÕèÊͧ ·ÕèÊÒÁ ·ÕèÊÕè ·ÕèËéÒ ÏÅÏ ¨Ðãªéà»ç¹µÑÇàÅ¢ ËÃ×͵ÑÇ˹ѧÊ×Í¡çä´é baawkL jamM nuaanM napH chehnF neungL saawngR saamR seeL haaF theeF neungL theeF saawngR theeF saamR theeF seeL theeF haaF jaL chaiH bpenM dtuaaM laehkF reuuR dtuaaM nangR seuuR gaawF daiF |
| To indicate a quantity, although it is not necessary that the number be precise; the modifier may indicate “many” or “a few” just to show an approximation of the amount. Examples include, “a lot,” “few,” “many,” “all of,” “much,” “the entirety of,” “all of,” “complete,” “each one of,” “one of,” “each and every,” “some,” “partly,” “each other,” etc. Some examples include: | ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×ÍÁÔä´éºÍ¡ªÑ´Å§ä»ÇèÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹à·èÒ¹Õé à»ç¹áµè¡Ó˹´ÇèÒÁÒ¡ËÃ×͹éÍ«Ö觾ͨÐÃÙé¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂä´éâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒ³ àªè¹ ÁÒ¡ ¹éÍ ËÅÒ ·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¨Ø ·Ñ駻ǧ ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ºÃÃ´Ò ¤¹ÅÐ ÊÔè§ÅÐ µèÒ§ ºÒ§ ºéÒ§ ¡Ñ¹ ÏÅÏ àªè¹ baawkL jamM nuaanM bpaL riH maanM kheuuM miH daiF baawkL chatH lohngM bpaiM waaF thaoF nanH thaoF neeH bpenM dtaaeL gamM nohtL waaF maakF reuuR naawyH seungF phaawM jaL ruuH khwaamM maayR daiF dooyM bpaL riH maanM chehnF maakF naawyH laayR thangH laayR jooL thangH bpuaangM thangH mohtL banM daaM khohnM laH singL laH dtaangL baangM baangF ganM chehnF |
| All of the people who came, every last one, had their fill of of it all! | ºÃôҤ¹·ÕèÁÒÅéǹáµè¡Ô¹¨Ø·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ banM daaM khohnM theeF maaM luaanH dtaaeL ginM jooL thangH sinF |
| Each and every person does his or her own thing. | µèÒ§¤¹µèÒ§·Ó¡Ñ¹ä»¤¹ÅÐÍÂèÒ§ dtaangL khohnM dtaangL thamM ganM bpaiM khohnM laH yaangL |
| Some people produce to some extent and consume to some extent. | ºÒ§¤¹¡ç·ÓºéÒ§¡Ô¹ºéÒ§ baangM khohnM gaawF thamM baangF ginM baangF |
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| 5. | “Demonstrative modifiers” are modifiers which serve to specify or limit the related word to a specific meaning or a specific item; such words include, “this,” “that,” “that one over there,” “all of these,” “all of those,” “like this,” “like that,” “as follows,” “like this (or that),” “truly,” “specifically,” “only this,” “at all,” “certainly,” “absolutely,” “certainly,” “surely, positively,” etc. | ¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×ÍÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ ÊÔè§¹Õé àªè¹ ¹Õè ¹Ñè¹ â¹è¹ ¹Õé ¹Ñé¹ â¹é¹ ·Ñé§¹Õé ·Ñé§¹Ñé¹ ÍÂèÒ§¹Õé ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á·é ¨ÃÔ§ ੾ÒÐ àͧ ´Í¡ á¹è¹Í¹ ·Õà´ÕÂÇ à·ÕÂÇ à¨ÕÂÇ ÏÅÏ niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jamM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL nanH singL neeH chehnF neeF nanF nohnF neeH nanH nohnH thangH neeH thangH nanH yaangL neeH yaangL nanH dangM neeH dangM nanH thaaeH jingM chaL phawH aehngM daawkL naaeF naawnM theeM diaaoM thiaaoM jiaaoM |
| Examples: | µÑÇÍÂèÒ§  dtuaaM yaangL |
| Listen, you don’t really know that guy at all. | à¸Í¹Õè | |