thai-language.comInternet resource
for the Thai language
Lookup:

» more options here
F.A.Q.Check out the list of frequently asked questions for a quick answer to your inquiry!
•  e-mail the author
•  guestbook
•  control panel
•  site news
•  bulk lookup
Browse
¡¢£¤¥
¦§¨©ª
«¬­®¯
°±²³´
µ·¸¹
º»¼½¾
¿ÀÁÂÃ
ÄÅÇÈÉ
ÊËÌÍÎ
Thanks for your
recent donations!

J-M J. ★!
John Karl L. ★!

Narisa N. $10
Lloyd S. $50
Mark D. $10
William S. $10
Nathaniel C. $5
Roger C. $20
Chao S-T. $10
Barbara B. $10
Shelly V. $25
Jonathan R. $33
Liesbeth VvW. $25
Hanspeter H. $25
Michael Fuchs $50
Lim. S. $5
Linda V. 36¢
John A. $25
Steven S. $10
R.S.T. $5
Randal S. $10
Blake $40
Get e-mail
Sign-up to join our mailing list. You'll receive email notification when this site is updated. Your privacy is guaranteed; this list is not sold, shared, or used for any other purpose. Click here for more information.

To unsubscribe, click here
WelcomeLessonsDictionaryCategoriesReferenceMessage BoardsLinks and Frequently Asked QuestionsOnline Store


Modifiers

Each language provides a unique insight into the culture of its speakers; this can be much of the fun and challenge of studying a foreign language. As we progress in our studies we may be motivated to better understand how native speakers describe features of their own language. With this goal in mind we present an excerpt, with translation, from a treatise on Thai grammar, written in Thai, for Thais. This excerpt is from “The Fundamentals of the Thai Language” by Kumchai Thonglaw, originally written in 1952 and still in print.

 Javascript and/or AJAX browser support required for this feature


I.A “modifier” is a word which serves the role of associating with a noun, pronoun, verb, or other modifier in order to bring greater clarity to it. Some examples are:¤ÓÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤӷÕè·Ó˹éÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ, ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳì´éÇ¡ѹãËéä´é¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ÂÔè§¢Öé¹ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ àªè¹
khamM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM theeF thamM naaF theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM naamM khamM sapL phaH naamM khamM gaL riH yaaM laeH khamM wiH saeht[n]L duayF ganM haiF daiF khwaamM chatH jaehnM yingF kheunF dtuaaM yaangL chehnF
1.associating with and modifying nouns»ÃСͺ¤Ó¹ÒÁ
bpraL gaawpL khamM naamM
The fat person is a friend of the skinny person.¤¹Íéǹà»ç¹à¾×è͹¡Ñº¤¹¼ÍÁ
khohnM uaanF bpenM pheuuanF gapL khohnM phaawmR
The round table is painted yellow.âµêСÅÁ·ÒÊÕàËÅ×ͧ
dtoH glohmM thaaM seeR leuuangR
The good person has melodious speech.¤¹´ÕÁÕÇÒ¨Òä¾àÃÒÐ
khohnM deeM meeM waaM jaaM phaiM rawH
2.associating with and modifying pronouns»ÃСͺ¤ÓÊÃþ¹ÒÁ
bpraL gaawpL khamM sapL phaH naamM
Whom [many people] would all of you like to see?·èÒ¹·Ñé§ËÅÒÂÍÂÒ¡´Ùã¤ÃºéÒ§
thanF thangH laayR yaakL duuM khraiM baangF
All of them will be coming to see the two of us today.à¢Ò·Ñé§ËÁ´¨ÐÁÒËÒàÃÒ·Ñé§ÊͧÇѹ¹Õé
khaoR thangH mohtL jaL maaM haaR raoM thangH saawngR wanM neeH
Whatever he has or how much, [it’s not our business.]à¢Ò¨ÐÁÕÍÐäáÕèÁÒ¡¹éÍ [¡çäÁèãªèàÃ×èͧ¢Í§àÃÒ]
khaoR jaL meeM aL raiM geeL maakF naawyH gaawF maiF chaiF reuuangF khaawngR raoM
3.associating with and modifying verbs»ÃСͺ¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ
bpraL gaawpL khamM gaL riH yaaM
She speaks sweetly.à¢Ò¾Ù´à¾ÃÒÐ
khaoR phuutF phrawH
The horse gallops fast.ÁéÒÇÔè§àÃçÇ
maaH wingF reoM
I have only one pen, all right.¼ÁÁÕ»Ò¡¡Ò´éÒÁà´ÕÂÇ¢ÍÃѺ
phohmR meeM bpaakL gaaM daamF diaaoM khaawR rapH
4.associating with and modifying other modifiers»ÃСͺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì
bpraL gaawpL khamM wiH saeht[n]L
He ate quite heartily. [modifying 'heartily']à¢Ò¡Ô¹ÍÒËÒèØÁÒ¡ [»ÃСͺ ¨Ø]
khaoR ginM aaM haanR jooL maakF bpraL gaawpL jooL
The ponderous overweight man is running very slowly. [modifying 'overweight']¤¹ÍéǹµØêµÐÇÔ觪éÒ [»ÃСͺ Íéǹ]
khohnM uaanF dtooH dtaL wingF chaaH bpraL gaawpL uaanF
He loves his brother immensely much. [modifying 'much']à¢ÒÃÑ¡¹éͧÁÒ¡àËÅ×Íà¡Ô¹ [»ÃСͺ ÁÒ¡]
khaoR rakH naawngH maakF leuuaR geernM bpraL gaawpL maakF

II.There are four types of words used as modifiers:¤Ó·Õèãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì ÁÕÍÂÙè ô »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í
khamM theeF chaiH bpenM khamM wiH saeht[n]L meeM yuuL seeL bpraL phaehtF kheuuM
1.True modifiers, such as the following words: “good,” “evil,” “high,” “low,” “black,” “white,” “long,” “short,” “big,” “small,” etc.¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìá·é ä´éá¡è¤Ó ´Õ ªÑèÇ ÊÙ§ µèÓ ´Ó ¢ÒÇ ÂÒÇ ÊÑé¹ ãË­è àÅç¡ ÏÅÏ
khamM wiH saeht[n]L thaaeH daiF gaaeL khamM deeM chuaaF suungR dtamL damM khaaoR yaaoM sanF yaiL lekH
2.Nouns: specifically, nouns which are combined with other types of words and perform the same function as modifiers, for example, “domestic fowl,” “wild fowl,” “[terrestrial] elephant,” “a teacher of students,” and “a senior teacher.”¤Ó¹ÒÁ ä´éá¡è¤Ó¹ÒÁ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹ áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì àªè¹ ä¡èºéÒ¹ ä¡è»èÒ ªéÒ§º¡ ¤ÃÙà´ç¡ ¤ÃÙ¼ÙéãË­è ÏÅÏ
khamM naamM daiF gaaeL khamM naamM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L chehnF gaiL baanF gaiL bpaaL chaangH bohkL khruuM dekL khruuM phuuF yaiL
3.Verbs: specifically, verbs which are combined with other types of words and perform the same function as modifiers, for example,¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ ä´éá¡è¤Ó¡ÃÔÂÒ·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì àªè¹
khamM gaL riH yaaM daiF gaaeL khamM gaL riH yaaM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L chehnF
The seller [literally the person who is selling] and the buyer [lit. the person who is buying] are arguing with each other.¤¹«×é͡Ѻ¤¹¢ÒµèÒ§âµéà¶Õ§
khohnM seuuH gapL khohnM khaayR dtaangL dtohF thiiangR
People [who have] died are burdens on people [who are] living. — “The dead impoverish the living.”¤¹µÒ¢Ò¤¹à»ç¹
khohnM dtaayM khaayR khohnM bpenM
The spectators [people who are watching] are calling for the players [people who are playing] to play more slowly.¤¹´ÙÃéͧºÍ¡¤¹àÅè¹ãËéàÅ蹪éÒ æ
khohnM duuM raawngH baawkL khohnM lehnF haiF lehnF chaaH chaaH
The lathe operator depends on the person drawing the wood; the sculptor depends on the writer.¤¹¡ÅÖ§µéͧ¾Ö觤¹ªÑ¡¤¹ÊÅÑ¡µéͧ¾Ö觤¹à¢Õ¹
khohnM gleungM dtaawngF pheungF khohnM chakH khohnM saL lakL dtaawngF pheungF khohnM khiianR
4.Phrases or word groups: specifically word groups which are combined with other words and which function as modifiers:ÇÅÕ ä´éá¡è¡ÅØèÁ¤Ó·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓÍ×è¹áÅзÓ˹éÒ·Õèàªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì
waH leeM daiF gaaeL gloomL khamM theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM euunL laeH thamM naaF theeF chehnF diaaoM gapL khamM wiH saeht[n]L
Persons who sell cloth are not willing to come close to persons who sell pigs.¤¹¢Ò¼éÒäÁè¡ÅéÒà¢éÒã¡Å餹¢ÒÂËÁÙ
khohnM khaayR phaaF maiF glaaF khaoF glaiF khohnM khaayR muuR
Children who love to study tend not to socialize with those students who become bored with their studies.à´ç¡ÃÑ¡àÃÕ¹¡Ñºà´ç¡àº×èÍàÃÕ¹ÁÑ¡äÁèÊÁÒ¤Á¡Ñ¹
dekL rakH riianM gapL dekL beuuaL riianM makH maiF saL maaM khohmM ganM
The barber [lit. person who cuts hair] holds the hand of the blind man [the person who is blind].¤¹µÑ´¼Á¨Ù§Á×ͤ¹µÒºÍ´
khohnM dtatL phohmR juungM meuuM khohnM dtaaM baawtL

III.Types of modifiersª¹Ô´¢Í§¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì
chaH nitH khaawngR khamM wiH saeht[n]L
Modifiers may be classified into 10 types; these are:¤ÓÇÔàÈɳìáºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ñ𠪹Դ ¤×Í
khamM wiH saeht[n]L baengL aawkL bpenM sipL chaH nitH kheuuM
1.“Modifiers describing characteristics” which are combined with other words to describe various characteristics, such as describing the type, color, shape, size, sound, symptom, smell, taste, and feel, for example:
“good,” “evil,” “white,” “black,” “round,” “flat,” “large,” “small,” “thudding,” “thundering,” “fast, “slow,” “fragrant,” “stinky,” “sour,” “sweet,” “hot,” “cold,” etc.
ÅѡɳÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡ÅѡɳеèÒ§ æ àªè¹ ºÍ¡ª¹Ô´, ÊÕ, Êѳ°Ò¹, ¢¹Ò´, àÊÕ§, ÍÒ¡ÒÃ, ¡ÅÔè¹, ÃÊ, ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ à»ç¹µé¹ àªè¹
´Õ, ªÑèÇ, ¢ÒÇ, ´Ó, ¡ÅÁ, ẹ, ãË­è, àÅç¡, â¤ÃÁ, à»ÃÕé§, àÃçÇ, ªéÒ, ËÍÁ, àËÁç¹, à»ÃÕéÂÇ, ËÇÒ¹, Ãé͹, àÂç¹ ÏÅÏ

lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL lakH saL naL dtaangL dtaangL chehnF baawkL chaH nitH seeR sanR thaanR khaL naatL siiangR aaM gaanM glinL rohtH khwaamM ruuH seukL bpenM dtohnF chehnF deeM chuaaF khaaoR damM glohmM baaenM yaiL lekH khrohmM bpriiangF reoM chaaH haawmR menR bpriaaoF waanR raawnH yenM
Nouns and verbs which are used as modifiers are usually “characteristic modifiers” and any modifier which cannot be otherwise be classified will be considered to be a “characteristic modifier.”¤Ó¹ÒÁáÅФӡÃÔÂÒ·Õè¹ÓÁÒãªéà»ç¹¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì â´ÂÁÒ¡à»ç¹ÅѡɳÇÔàÈɳì áÅФÓÇÔàÈɳìã´ æ ·Õè¨Ñ´à¢éÒ㹤ÓÇÔàÈɳ쪹ԴÍ×è¹ æ äÁèä´é µéͧ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹ÅѡɳÇÔàÈɳì·Ñé§ÊÔé¹
khamM naamM laeH khamM gaL riH yaaM theeF namM maaM chaiH bpenM khamM wiH saeht[n]L dooyM maakF bpenM lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L laeH khamM wiH saeht[n]L daiM daiM theeF jatL khaoF naiM khamM wiH saeht[n]L chaH nitH euunL euunL maiF daiF dtaawngF napH waaF bpenM lakH saL naL wiH saeht[n]L thangH sinF
2.“Temporal modifiers” are modifying words which combine with other words to indicate time, for example:
“early,” “late,” “afternoon,” “noon,” “evening,” “dusk,” “past,” “future,” and “current.”
¡ÒÅÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺ¤ÓºÍ¡àÇÅÒ àªè¹
àªéÒ ÊÒ ºèÒ à·Õè§ àÂç¹ ¤èÓ Í´Õµ ͹Ҥµ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹

gaanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL khamM baawkL waehM laaM chehnF chaaoH saayR baayL thiiangF yenM khamF aL deetL aL naaM khohtH bpatL jooL banM
Examples:µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
dtuaaM yaangL
Ancient peoples did not want to work in the night time.¤¹âºÃÒ³äÁèªÍº·Ó§Ò¹àÇÅÒ¡ÅÒ§¤×¹
khohnM bohM raanM maiF chaawpF thamM ngaanM waehM laaM glaangM kheuunM
At this time he is not like he once was.à¢Òà´ÕëÂǹÕéäÁèàËÁ×͹¡Ñºà¢Òáµè¡è͹
khaoR diaaoR neeH maiF meuuanR gapL khaoR dtaaeL gaawnL
I went to sleep before [it happened], so I woke up early.©Ñ¹¹Í¹¡è͹ ©Ñ¹¨Ö§µ×è¹àªéÒ
chanR naawnM gaawnL chanR jeungM dteuunL chaaoH
A good person at present is not like a good person in the past.¤¹´Õà´ÕëÂǹÕéäÁèàËÁ×͹¡Ñº¤¹´Õáµè¡è͹
khohnM deeM diaaoR neeH maiF meuuanR gapL khohnM deeM dtaaeL gaawnL
In the first sentence the time modifier is associated with a noun; in the second sentence it is associated with a pronoun; in the third sentence the modifier is associated with a verb; and, in the fourth, it is associated with another modifier.ã¹»ÃÐ⤷Õè˹Öè§ ¡ÒÅÇÔàÈɳì»ÃСͺ¹ÒÁ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ò »ÃСͺÊÃþ¹ÒÁ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ó »ÃСͺ¡ÃÔÂÒ, »ÃÐ⤷Õè ô »ÃСͺÇÔàÈɳì
naiM bpraL yohkL theeF neungL gaanM wiH saeht[n]L bpraL gaawpL naamM bpraL yohkL theeF saawngR bpraL gaawpL sapL phaH naamM bpraL yohkL theeF saamR bpraL gaawpL gaL riH yaaM bpraL yohkL theeF seeL bpraL gaawpL wiH saeht[n]L
3.“Locational modifiers” are those that enhance words to indicate location, for example, “over,” “under,” “above,” “below,” “near,” “far,” “on land,” “on the water,” “at home,” “in the forest,” etc.ʶҹÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡Ê¶Ò¹·Õè àªè¹ º¹ ÅèÒ§ à˹×Í ãµé ã¡Åé ä¡Å º¡ ¹éÓ ºéÒ¹ »èÒ ÏÅÏ
saL thaanR naH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL saL thaanR theeF chehnF bohnM laangF neuuaR dtaiF glaiF glaiM bohkL naamH baanF bpaaL
Example sentences:µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
dtuaaM yaangL
He is above.à¢ÒÍÂÙ躹
khaoR yuuL bohnM
I am underneath.©Ñ¹ÍÂÙèÅèÒ§
chanR yuuL laangF
You are far away.·èÒ¹ÍÂÙèËèÒ§
thanF yuuL haangL
He is close.à¢ÒÍÂÙèã¡Åé
khaoR yuuL glaiF
He employs domesticated elephants to lure wild elephants.à¢ÒàÍÒªéÒ§ºéҹ仵èͪéÒ§»èÒ
khaoR aoM chaangH baanF bpaiM dtaawL chaangH bpaaL
Fishermen use terrestrial animals to delude aquatic animals.ªÒÇ»ÃÐÁ§àÍÒÊѵÇ캡ä»ÅèÍÊѵÇì¹éÓ
chaaoM bpraL mohngM aoM sat[w]L bohkL bpaiM laawF sat[w]L naamH
From the Northerly direction, he floats his raft down to the Southerly direction.¨Ò¡·ÔÈà˹×Íà¢ÒÅèͧàÃ×Íä»·ÔÈãµé
jaakL thitH neuuaR khaoR laawngF reuuaM bpaiM thitH dtaiF
With respect to this type of word, if there is a noun or a pronoun following it, the word will serve the function of a preposition, for example,¤ÓÇÔàÈɳ쪹Դ¹Õé ¶éÒÁÕ¤Ó¹ÒÁËÃ×ÍÊÃþ¹ÒÁÁÒÃѺ¢éÒ§ËÅѧ ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹¤ÓºØ¾º· àªè¹
khamM wiH saeht[n]L chaH nitH neeH thaaF meeM khamM naamM reuuR sapL phaH naamM maaM rapH khaangF langR napH waaF bpenM khamM boopL phaH bohtL chehnF
The Buddha image has been placed on the shelf.¾Ãоط¸ÃÙ»»ÃдÔɰҹÍÂÙ躹ËÔé§
phraH phootH thaH ruupF bpraL ditL saL thaanR yuuL bohnM hingF
He is sitting near me.à¢Ò¹Ñè§ã¡Åé©Ñ¹
khaoR nangF glaiF chanR
The dog is sleeping under the floorboards.ÊØ¹Ñ¢¹Í¹ãµé¶Ø¹
sooL nakH naawnM dtaiF thoonR
The pillow is over his headËÁ͹ÇÒ§ÍÂÙèà˹×ÍËÑÇ
maawnR waangM yuuL neuuaR huaaR
4.“Quantitative modifiers” are modifiers which indicate amounts and are composed of two types»ÃÐÁÒ³ÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×ͤÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹ áºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ ò ª¹Ô´¤×Í
bpraL maanM wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL jamM nuaanM baengL aawkL bpenM saawngR chaH nitH kheuuM
To indicate a counting number, such as “one ,” “two,” “three,” “four,” “five,” “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” “fifth,” etc.; in this context, both numerical and word notations may be used.ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹¹Ñº àªè¹ ˹Öè§ Êͧ ÊÒÁ ÊÕè ËéÒ ·Õè˹Öè§ ·ÕèÊͧ ·ÕèÊÒÁ ·ÕèÊÕè ·ÕèËéÒ ÏÅÏ ¨Ðãªéà»ç¹µÑÇàÅ¢ ËÃ×͵ÑÇ˹ѧÊ×Í¡çä´é
baawkL jamM nuaanM napH chehnF neungL saawngR saamR seeL haaF theeF neungL theeF saawngR theeF saamR theeF seeL theeF haaF jaL chaiH bpenM dtuaaM laehkF reuuR dtuaaM nangR seuuR gaawF daiF
To indicate a quantity, although it is not necessary that the number be precise; the modifier may indicate “many” or “a few” just to show an approximation of the amount. Examples include, “a lot,” “few,” “many,” “all of,” “much,” “the entirety of,” “all of,” “complete,” “each one of,” “one of,” “each and every,” “some,” “partly,” “each other,” etc. Some examples include:ºÍ¡¨Ó¹Ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³ ¤×ÍÁÔä´éºÍ¡ªÑ´Å§ä»ÇèÒà·èÒ¹Ñé¹à·èÒ¹Õé à»ç¹áµè¡Ó˹´ÇèÒÁÒ¡ËÃ×͹éÍ«Ö觾ͨÐÃÙé¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂä´éâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒ³ àªè¹ ÁÒ¡ ¹éÍ ËÅÒ ·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¨Ø ·Ñ駻ǧ ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ºÃÃ´Ò ¤¹ÅÐ ÊÔè§ÅÐ µèÒ§ ºÒ§ ºéÒ§ ¡Ñ¹ ÏÅÏ àªè¹
baawkL jamM nuaanM bpaL riH maanM kheuuM miH daiF baawkL chatH lohngM bpaiM waaF thaoF nanH thaoF neeH bpenM dtaaeL gamM nohtL waaF maakF reuuR naawyH seungF phaawM jaL ruuH khwaamM maayR daiF dooyM bpaL riH maanM chehnF maakF naawyH laayR thangH laayR jooL thangH bpuaangM thangH mohtL banM daaM khohnM laH singL laH dtaangL baangM baangF ganM chehnF
All of the people who came, every last one, had their fill of of it all!ºÃôҤ¹·ÕèÁÒÅéǹáµè¡Ô¹¨Ø·Ñé§ÊÔé¹
banM daaM khohnM theeF maaM luaanH dtaaeL ginM jooL thangH sinF
Each and every person does his or her own thing.µèÒ§¤¹µèÒ§·Ó¡Ñ¹ä»¤¹ÅÐÍÂèÒ§
dtaangL khohnM dtaangL thamM ganM bpaiM khohnM laH yaangL
Some people produce to some extent and consume to some extent.ºÒ§¤¹¡ç·ÓºéÒ§¡Ô¹ºéÒ§
baangM khohnM gaawF thamM baangF ginM baangF
5.“Demonstrative modifiers” are modifiers which serve to specify or limit the related word to a specific meaning or a specific item; such words include, “this,” “that,” “that one over there,” “all of these,” “all of those,” “like this,” “like that,” “as follows,” “like this (or that),” “truly,” “specifically,” “only this,” “at all,” “certainly,” “absolutely,” “certainly,” “surely, positively,” etc.¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×ÍÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ ÊÔè§¹Õé àªè¹ ¹Õè ¹Ñè¹ â¹è¹ ¹Õé ¹Ñé¹ â¹é¹ ·Ñé§¹Õé ·Ñé§¹Ñé¹ ÍÂèÒ§¹Õé ÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹ ´Ñ§¹Õé ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ á·é ¨ÃÔ§ ੾ÒÐ àͧ ´Í¡ á¹è¹Í¹ ·Õà´ÕÂÇ à·ÕÂÇ à¨ÕÂÇ ÏÅÏ
niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khamM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jamM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL nanH singL neeH chehnF neeF nanF nohnF neeH nanH nohnH thangH neeH thangH nanH yaangL neeH yaangL nanH dangM neeH dangM nanH thaaeH jingM chaL phawH aehngM daawkL naaeF naawnM theeM diaaoM thiaaoM jiaaoM
Examples:µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
dtuaaM yaangL
Listen, you don’t really know that guy at all.à¸Í¹Õè</