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äà raiM
contents of this page
1.äÃraiM[suffix indicating qualification, quantification, or interrogation, as indicated below]
2.äÃraiM[colloquial shortening of] ÍÐäà
3.äÃraiM(of gold, the sky, etc.) shining brightly; brilliant; magnficent
4.äÃraiMto collect donations
5.äÃraiMparting line around a topknot of hair
6.¡ÃÐäÃgraL raiMwhat
7.¡ÃÐäÃgraL raiMto find it embarrassing (to do something); needing to save face
8.¡ÃÐäÃgraL raiM[of a characteristic, condition, state, stage or method in general] why, how, what
9.¡ÃÐäÃgraL raiM[a word that follows adjectives or adverbs and emphasizes them (a kind of interjection), as in] "what a..."; "how..."
10.à·èÒäÃthaoF raiM...how much?
11.à¾Õ§äÃphiiangM raiMhow many
12.àÁ×èÍäÃmeuuaF raiM[used in a question] when
13.ÃÓäÃrahmM raiMdimly; indistinctly; dim; indistinct; faint
14.ÍÂèÒ§äÃyaangL raiMlike what; anyhow; how?
15.µÑÇäÃdtuaaM raiMmallophaga; chicken mite; biting lice

pronunciation guide
Phonemic ThaiäÃ
IPArɑj
Royal Thai General Systemrai

1. common Thai word   [particle]
definition
[suffix indicating qualification, quantification, or interrogation, as indicated below]

notesäà is the proper, formal spelling of äËÃè 
synonymã´ daiM[Isaan variant of] äà
exampleàªè¹äÃchehnF raiMhow; what
sample
sentences
¡ÃШ͡¢èÒÇ»é͹¤Ó¶ÒÁ·ÒÂÒ·à¨éÒ¾èÍǧ¡ÒÃ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìàÃ×èͧËÑÇã¨ÇèÒ¨ÐÁÕ¢èÒÇ´ÕàÁ×èÍäÃ
graL jaawkL khaaoL bpaawnF khahmM thaamR thaaM yaatF jaoF phaawF wohngM gaanM nangR seuuR phim[p]M reuuangF huaaR jaiM waaF jaL meeM khaaoL deeM meuuaF raiM
"The throng of noisy newsmen fed questions to the heirs of the newspaper mogul concerning when there might be some good news regarding his heart."
à¢ÒÍèҹ˹ѧÊ×ÍÍÐäÃàÇÅÒäÃä´é·Ñé§¹Ñé¹
khaoR aanL nangR seuuR aL raiM waehM laaM raiM daiF thangH nanH
He can read any book when-so-ever he wishes.
»Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺà¹×éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁʧÊÑ àªè¹ ã´ ä˹ äà ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà äËÁ Íѹ㴠ÍÂèÒ§äà à·èÒäà ä ËÃ×ÍË¹Í ÏÅÏ
bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL neuuaH khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR khwaamM sohngR saiR chehnF daiM naiR raiM geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM maiR anM daiM yaangL raiM thaoF raiM yaiM reuuR naawR
“Interrogative modifier” is a modifier which is part of a question sentence structure or a structure indicating doubt, for example, “whichever,” “which,” “what,” “how many,” “what,” “why,” “why,” “how,” “(interrogatory),” “whichever,” “which way,” “how many,” “why,” “or what,” etc. Examples are:
͹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁäÁèªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹ àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×Í ÊÔè§¹Õé ÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ àªè¹ ã´ äà ä˹ ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà ÏÅÏ áµè¾Ö§ÊѧࡵÇèÒ ¤Ó¾Ç¡¹Õé¨ÐµéͧäÁèãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊÑ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ »Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì µÑÇÍÂèÒ§
aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM maiF cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jahmM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL neeH singL nanH chehnF daiM raiM naiR geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM dtaaeL pheungM sangR gaehtL waaF khahmM phuaakF neeH jaL dtaawngF maiF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR riiakF waaF bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L dtuaaM yaangL
“Indefinite modifiers” are modifiers which express non-specificity or provide a delimiter that something is like this or that, or this thing or that thing; for example, the words “whatever,” “whichever,” “wherever,” “how,” “any,” “how many,” “which,” “why,” “why so ever,” and “how so ever.” However, one should observe that these words, in order to be indefinite modifiers, should not be used in interrogatory sentences or in sentences which indicate doubt; if these words are used in sentences which indicate interrogatories or doubts, they are called, “interrogatory modifiers.” [See below.] Examples include,
2.   [adverb]
definition
[colloquial shortening of] ÍÐäà

related wordÍÐäàaL raiM[indicating a question] what
examples·ÓäÃthahmM raiM[colloquial way of saying] ·ÓÍÐäà "What are you doing?" — "What's up?"
à¾ÃÒÐà˵ØäÃphrawH haehtL raiM[questioning] ...for what reason?
sample
sentences
¡Ô¹äÃÍÂÙè¹èÐ
ginM raiM yuuL naF
"What's that you are eating?"
à¢Ò äÁè ·Ó§Ò¹ ¡ç ÁÔ à»ç¹ äà à¾ÃÒÐà¢Ò äÁèãªèÅÙ¡¨éÒ§
khaoR maiF thahmM ngaanM gawF miH bpenM raiM phrawH khaoR maiF chaiF luukF jaangF
He doesn’t work; however, it doesn’t matter because he is not an employee.
¨Ðà»ç¹äÃä»àÅèÒ
jaL bpenM raiM bpaiM laoF
"It's no big deal!"
·ÓäÃÍÂÙè
thahmM raiM yuuL
"What are you doing?"
äÁèà»ç¹äÃ
maiF bpenM raiM
"It doesn't matter." — "Never mind." — "You're welcome" — "Don't mention it." — "It's no big deal."
äÁèà»ç¹äÃÂèÐ
maiF bpenM raiM yaF
"Nothing (is going on)."
àÍÒäÃ
aoM raiM
"What do you want?"
3.   [adjective]
definition
(of gold, the sky, etc.) shining brightly; brilliant; magnficent

example¿éÒÊÇèÒ§àÃ×ͧäÃfaaH saL waangL reuuangM raiMthe sky sines brilliantly
4.   [verb]
definition
to collect donations

exampleàÃÕèÂäÃà§Ô¹riiaF raiM ngernMto collect donations
5.   [noun]
definition
parting line around a topknot of hair

exampleäüÁraiM phohmRparting line around a topknot of hair
6. ¡ÃÐäà  graL raiM  [adverb, ancient]
definition
what

sample
sentence
à¢ÒÇèÒ¡ÃÐäÃ
khaoR waaF graL raiM
[an old-fashioned way of asking] "What did he say?"
7. ¡ÃÐäà  graL raiM  [auxiliary verb, ancient]
definition
to find it embarrassing (to do something); needing to save face

sample
sentence
©Ñ¹¨Ð»¯Ôàʸ仡ç´Ù¡ÃÐäÃÍÂÙè
chanR jaL bpaL dtiL saehtL bpaiM gawF duuM graL raiM yuuL
"It would be rude for me to refuse."
8. ¡ÃÐäà  graL raiM  [adverb, ancient]
definition
[of a characteristic, condition, state, stage or method in general] why, how, what

sample
sentences
ªèǺ͡¼Á˹èÍÂà¶Ô´ÇèÒ¼Á¨Ðµéͧ¤Åé͵ÒÁà¢Òä»à¾×èÍ¡ÃÐäÃ
chuayF baawkL phohmR naawyL theertL waaF phohmR jaL dtaawngF khlaawyH dtaamM khaoR bpaiM pheuuaF graL raiM
"Please tell me why I must agree with him."
ÀÒáԨÂѧäÁèÅØÅèǧàÅ áÅéǨÐäÁèãËé¼Á͹ҷÃÃé͹ã¨ä´é¡ÃÐäÃàÅèÒ
phaanM gitL yangM maiF looH luaangF leeuyM laaeoH jaL maiF haiF phohmR aL naaM thaawnM raawnH jaiM daiF graL raiM laoF
"How can I be anything but worried when the assignments are still not completed?"
Ë­Ô§ÊÒÇäÁèÃÙéÇèҨзӡÃÐäôմéÇ»ÃÐËÁèÒÊÒµҪÒÂ˹ØèÁ
yingR saaoR maiF ruuH waaF jaL thahmM graL raiM deeM duayF bpraL maaL saayR dtaaM chaayM noomL
"The girl doesn't know what to do, for she feels awkward with the man's staring."
9. ¡ÃÐäà  graL raiM  [interjection, ancient]
definition
[a word that follows adjectives or adverbs and emphasizes them (a kind of interjection), as in] "what a..."; "how..."

sample
sentences
ªèÒ§à»ç¹âÅ¡·Õè§´§ÒÁàÊÕ¹Õè¡ÃÐäÃ!
changF bpenM lohkF theeF ngohtH ngaamM siiaR neeF graL raiM
"What a wonderful world!"
ªèҧ˹éÒ´éÒ¹àÊÕ¹Õè¡ÃÐäÃ!
changF naaF daanF siiaR neeF graL raiM
"How shameless!"
10. common Thai word à·èÒäà  thaoF raiM  [adverb]
definition
...how much?

notesà·èÒäËÃè is the alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of this word. However, à·èÒäà might be heard more frequently in the western region provinces of Thailand, Petchaburi, Ratchaburi, and Nakorn Pathom, for example.
synonym¡ÕèÁÒ¡¹éÍÂgeeL maakF naawyHhow much; how many
related wordà·èÒäËÃèthaoF raiL[alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of] à·èÒäà ("How much?" or "How many?")
examples¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇà·èÒäÃkhwaamM yaaoM thaoF raiM[of time or geometric length] "How long?"
...ÍÒÂØà·èÒäÃaaM yooH thaoF raiMhow old is...? How old are...? "What's your age?"
sample
sentences
¡ÔàÅʤ¹¶Áà·èÒäáçäÁèàµçÁ
giL laehtF khohnM thohmR thaoF raiM gawF maiF dtemM
"A human's greed can never be fulfilled."
¤èÒàªèÒËéͧà´ÕèÂÇÇѹÅÐà·èÒääÃѺ
khaaF chaoF haawngF diaaoL wanM laH thaoF raiM khrapH
"How much does a single room cost per day?"
¤Ø³à¡Ô´Çѹ·Õèà·èÒäÃ
khoonM geertL wanM theeF thaoF raiM
"When is your birthday?"
¤Ø³µéͧ¡ÒÃà·èÒääÃѺ
khoonM dtaawngF gaanM thaoF raiM khrapH
[spoken by male] "How many do you want?"
¤Ø³ÍÒÂØà·èÒäÃ
khoonM aaM yooH thaoF raiM
"How old are you?"
¹Õèà·èÒäÃ?
neeF thaoF raiM
"How much is this?"
ºéÒ¹ËÅѧãË­èàÅ¢·Õèà·èÒäÃ
baanF langR yaiL laehkF theeF thaoF raiM
"What is the number of the big house?"
»Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺà¹×éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁʧÊÑ àªè¹ ã´ ä˹ äà ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà äËÁ Íѹ㴠ÍÂèÒ§äà à·èÒäà ä ËÃ×ÍË¹Í ÏÅÏ
bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL neuuaH khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR khwaamM sohngR saiR chehnF daiM naiR raiM geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM maiR anM daiM yaangL raiM thaoF raiM yaiM reuuR naawR
“Interrogative modifier” is a modifier which is part of a question sentence structure or a structure indicating doubt, for example, “whichever,” “which,” “what,” “how many,” “what,” “why,” “why,” “how,” “(interrogatory),” “whichever,” “which way,” “how many,” “why,” “or what,” etc. Examples are:
ä»à»ç¹ÅÙ¡¨éÒ§à¢Ò·Ó§Ò¹ä´éäÁèà·èÒäÃ䢡êÍ¡àÊÕÂáÅéÇËÃ×Í
bpaiM bpenM luukF jaangF khaoR thahmM ngaanM daiF maiF thaoF raiM khaiR gaawkH siiaR laaeoH reuuR
"You have been working for him for only a little while and you're going to quit already?"
ä»ÅÓ»Ò§â´Âöä¿ãªéàÇÅÒ¹Ò¹à·èÒääÃѺ
bpaiM lahmM bpaangM dooyM rohtH faiM chaiH waehM laaM naanM thaoF raiM khrapH
"How long does it take to get to Lampang by train?"
¼Á¤ÇèШèÒÂà§Ô¹ãË餹¢ÑºÃ¶à·èÒääÃѺ
phohmR khuaanM jaL jaayL ngernM haiF khohnM khapL rohtH thaoF raiM khrapH
"How much should I give the driver?"
ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÍÕ¡à·èÒäÃ
maakF gwaaL eekL thaoF raiM
"How much more?"
äÁèªÍºà·èÒäÃ
maiF chaawpF thaoF raiM
"I don't like it that much." — "I don't like it so much."
äÁèÇèÒ¹Ò¹à·èÒäáçÃÍ 
maiF waaF naanM thaoF raiM gawF raawM
"No matter how long it will be, I'll wait."
Çѹ¹ÕéÇѹ·Õèà·èÒääÐ
wanM neeH wanM theeF thaoF raiM khaH
[spoken by female] "What is the date today?"
11. common Thai word à¾Õ§äà  phiiangM raiM  [adverb]
definition
how many

related wordsá¤èä˹khaaeF naiR[an inquiry about quantity, as in] "how far?" — "how much?" — etc. [a colloquial variation of à¾Õ§äà used in both written and spoken Thai]
à¾Õ§ã´phiiangM daiM[alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of à¾Õ§äÃ, used in written Thai]
sample
sentences
¶Ö§ÃÙéÇèÒÁÕÍØ»ÊÃäÁÒ¡à¾Õ§äà áµè¼Á¡çµÑé§ã¨áÅéÇÇèҨзӧҹ¹ÕéãËéÊÓàÃç¨
theungR ruuH waaF meeM oopL bpaL sakL maakF phiiangM raiM dtaaeL phohmR gawF dtangF jaiM laaeoH waaF jaL thahmM ngaanM neeH haiF sahmR retL
"Though I know how many snags are awaiting, I was determined to get the work finished."
äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà¨çºÊÑ¡à¾Õ§äà ©Ñ¹¡ç¨Ñ¡½×¹·¹
maiF waaF jaL jepL sakL phiiangM raiM chanR gawF jakL feuunR thohnM
"No matter how painful it would be, I would endure."
12. common Thai word àÁ×èÍäà  meuuaF raiM  [adverb]
definition
[used in a question] when

notesàÁ×èÍäËÃè is the alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of this word
related wordàÁ×èÍäËÃèmeuuaF raiL[alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of] àÁ×èÍäà (when)
examplesáµèä˹áµèäÃÁÒdtaaeL naiR dtaaeL raiM maaMalways; at all times; all along
àÁ×èÍäáçä´émeuuaF raiM gawF daiFany time; whenever
sample
sentences
¨ÐÊè§ä´éàÁ×èÍäÃ
jaL sohngL daiF meuuaF raiM
"When can you send it?"
¶éÒà¢ÒÁÒàÁ×èÍäà â»Ã´ºÍ¡¼Á´éÇÂ
thaaF khaoR maaM meuuaF raiM bprohtL baawkL phohmR duayF
"Please inform me if and when he comes."
13. ÃÓäà  rahmM raiM  [adjective, adverb]
definition
dimly; indistinctly; dim; indistinct; faint

related wordÃÓ rahmM[euphonious prefix for ÃÓäÃ]
example¾Í¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÃÓäÃphaawM jaL henR daiF rahmM raiMfaintly visible
14. ÍÂèÒ§äà  yaangL raiM  [adverb]
definition
like what; anyhow; how?

notesÂÑ§ä§ is the alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of this word
related wordsÂѧä§yangM ngaiM[a colloquial way of saying] "how?" or "in what way?"
ä§ ngaiM[colloquial shortening of] Âѧä§
examplesáµè¶Ö§ÍÂèÒ§äÃdtaaeL theungR yaangL raiMnevertheless
¶Ö§¨ÐÍÂèÒ§äÃtheungR jaL yaangL raiMhowever; anyhow; nevertheless; notwithstanding
à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äúéÒ§bpenM yaangL raiM baangF"How's it going?" — "How do you feel?" — "How do you do?" — "What's up?"
à¾ÃÒÐà˵ØÍÂèÒ§äÃphrawH haehtL yaangL raiM[questioning] ...whyfore?
ÍÂèÒ§äáç´ÕyaangL raiM gawF deeManyhow
ÍÂèÒ§äáçä´éyaangL raiM gawF daiFany way, any way will do, whatever, in whichever way or means
ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁyaangL raiM gawF dtaamManyhow; anyway; however; after all; but; still; though; nonetheless; nevertheless; notwithstanding
sample
sentences
¡Ã³ÕàËÅèÒ¹Õé¨ÐŧàÍÂÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ »ÃÒ¡¯¡Òóì¤ÃÑé§¹Õéµéͧª×蹪ÁÊӹѡ§Ò¹ÍÑ¡ÒÃÊÙ§ÊØ´
gaL raH neeM laoL neeH jaL lohngM eeuyM yaangL raiM gawF dtaamM bpraaM gohtL gaan[n]M khrangH neeH dtaawngF cheuunF chohmM sahmR nakH ngaanM aiM gaanM suungR sootL
"However this incident ends up, (one) must praise (the actions) of the Attorney General for this occurrence."
à¢ÒÃÙéÊÖ¡ÍÖ´ÍÑ´ áµèäÁèÃÙéÇèҨзÓÍÂèÒ§äõèÍä»´Õ
khaoR ruuH seukL eutL atL dtaaeL maiF ruuH waaF jaL thahmM yaangL raiM dtaawL bpaiM deeM
"He felt uncomfortable and was quite at a loss to know what to do next."
¤¹¸ÃÃÁ´ÒÍÂèÒ§àÃÒ¨ÐÃÙé¡®ºÑµÃ¡®ËÁÒÂä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ
khohnM thamM maH daaM yaangL raoM jaL ruuH gohtL bat[r]L gohtL maayR daiF yaangL raiM
"How can common people like us understand (all these) laws?"
¤Ø³¤Ô´ÍÂèÒ§äáѺâ»Ãà¨ç¤µì¹Õé
khoonM khitH yaangL raiM gapL bprohM jek[d]L neeH
"What do you think about this project?"
¤Ø³¨ÐÇèÒÍÂèÒ§äÃ
khoonM jaL waaF yaangL raiM
"What or how do you feel or think about that?" — "What will you say?"
¤Ø³ªÍº»ÃÐà·È¢Í§àÃÒÍÂèÒ§äÃ
khoonM chaawpF bpraL thaehtF khaawngR raoM yaangL raiM
"How do you like our country?"
©Ñ¹äÁèÃÙéÇèÒ¨Ðà´Ô¹ä»¢éҧ˹éÒä´éÍÂèÒ§ä÷ء¢ìÃзÁ¢Á¢×è¹ËÁ´¡ÓÅѧã¨
chanR maiF ruuH waaF jaL deernM bpaiM khaangF naaF daiF yaangL raiM thook[k]H raH thohmM khohmR kheuunL mohtL gahmM langM jaiM
"I don’t know how I will be able to go forward (when) I am suffering from such depression and I lack the will (to live)."
·Ø¡½èÒ¡ÓÅѧ¤é¹ËÒÊÒà˵ØÇèÒà¡Ô´à˵ءÒóìÍØ¡ÍÒ¨¹Õé¢Öé¹ÁÒä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ
thookH faayL gahmM langM khohnH haaR saaR haehtL waaF geertL haehtL gaan[n]M ookL aatL neeH kheunF maaM daiF yaangL raiM
"Each faction is looking into the reason why something this brazen and offensive could have come about."
¼Á¤Ô´ÇèÒàÃÕ¹ÀÒÉÒä·ÂäÁè§èÒ ¤Ø³ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàËç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ
phohmR khitH waaF riianM phaaM saaR thaiM maiF ngaayF khoonM meeM khwaamM henR yaangL raiM
"I think it is not easy to learn Thai. What is your opinion?"
¼Å¨ÐÍÍ¡ÁÒÍÂèÒ§äõéͧÇèҡѹ仵ÒÁ¾ÂÒ¹ËÅÑ¡°Ò¹
phohnR jaL aawkL maaM yaangL raiM dtaawngF waaF ganM bpaiM dtaamM phaH yaanM lakL thaanR
"Whatever results emerge will depend on the evidence."
ÁվĵԡÃÃÁÍÂèÒ§äÃ㹡ÒÃʡѴ¡Ñé¹¾Ãä¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ áµèäÁèãªèÁÒãªé¡®ËÁÙèá·¹¡®ËÁÒÂ
meeM phriH dtiL gamM yaangL raiM naiM gaanM saL gatL ganF phakH gaanM meuuangM dtaaeL maiF chaiF maaM chaiH gohtL muuL thaaenM gohtL maayR
"Whatever behavior is used in obstructing political parties, we will not allow the use of mob rule in place of the law."
àÃ×èͧà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ
reuuangF geertL kheunF yaangL raiM
"How did that happen?"
Êѧ¤ÁµéͧËѹÁҨѺµÒ¡ÅØèÁ¾Ñ¹¸ÁÔµÃÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§ÇèÒ¨Ðà¤Å×è͹äËǵèÍä»ÍÂèÒ§äà ã¹àÁ×èͨشÁØè§ËÁÒ·Õèá·é¨ÃÔ§àÃÔèÁÃÔºËÃÕèŧ价ء·Õ
sangR khohmM dtaawngF hanR maaM japL dtaaM gloomL phanM thaH mit[r]H eekL khrangH waaF jaL khleuuanF waiR dtaawL bpaiM yaangL raiM naiM meuuaF jootL moongF maayR theeF thaaeH jingM reermF ripH reeL lohngM bpaiM thookH theeM
"(Our) society will have to watch the Alliance one more time to see (in which direction ) it will move, (especially) when their real objectives are beginning to fade from view."
15. µÑÇäà  dtuaaM raiM  [proper noun]
definition
mallophaga; chicken mite; biting lice


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