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1.  [particle]
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| definition | [suffix indicating qualification, quantification, or interrogation, as indicated below]
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| notes | äà is the proper, formal spelling of äËÃè  |
| synonym | ã´  | daiM | [Isaan variant of] äà  |
| example | àªè¹äÃ | chehnF raiM | how; what |
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»Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺà¹×éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁʧÊÑ àªè¹ ã´ ä˹ äà ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà äËÁ Íѹ㴠ÍÂèÒ§äà à·èÒäà ä ËÃ×ÍË¹Í ÏÅÏ bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL neuuaH khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR khwaamM sohngR saiR chehnF daiM naiR raiM geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM maiR anM daiM yaangL raiM thaoF raiM yaiM reuuR naawR “Interrogative modifier” is a modifier which is part of a question sentence structure or a structure indicating doubt, for example, “whichever,” “which,” “what,” “how many,” “what,” “why,” “why,” “how,” “(interrogatory),” “whichever,” “which way,” “how many,” “why,” “or what,” etc. Examples are: |
͹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁäÁèªÕé੾ÒÐ ËÃ×ͨӡѴŧä»ÇèÒà»ç¹àªè¹¹Ñé¹ àªè¹¹Õé ËÃ×Í ÊÔè§¹Õé ÊÔè§¹Ñé¹ àªè¹ ã´ äà ä˹ ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà ÏÅÏ áµè¾Ö§ÊѧࡵÇèÒ ¤Ó¾Ç¡¹Õé¨ÐµéͧäÁèãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍʧÊѨ֧¨Ð¹ÑºÇèÒ à»ç¹Í¹ÔÂÁÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¶éÒãªéã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁËÃ×ÍʧÊÑ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ »Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL baawkL khwaamM maiF cheeH chaL phawH reuuR jahmM gatL lohngM bpaiM waaF bpenM chehnF nanH chehnF neeH reuuR singL neeH singL nanH chehnF daiM raiM naiR geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM dtaaeL pheungM sangR gaehtL waaF khahmM phuaakF neeH jaL dtaawngF maiF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR jeungM jaL napH waaF bpenM aL niH yaH maH wiH saeht[n]L thaaF chaiH naiM khaawF khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR sohngR saiR riiakF waaF bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L dtuaaM yaangL“Indefinite modifiers” are modifiers which express non-specificity or provide a delimiter that something is like this or that, or this thing or that thing; for example, the words “whatever,” “whichever,” “wherever,” “how,” “any,” “how many,” “which,” “why,” “why so ever,” and “how so ever.” However, one should observe that these words, in order to be indefinite modifiers, should not be used in interrogatory sentences or in sentences which indicate doubt; if these words are used in sentences which indicate interrogatories or doubts, they are called, “interrogatory modifiers.” [See below.] Examples include, |
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2.  [adverb]
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| definition | [colloquial shortening of] ÍÐäà 
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| related word | ÍÐäà  | aL raiM | [indicating a question] what |
| examples | ·ÓäÃ | thahmM raiM | [colloquial way of saying] ·ÓÍÐäÃ "What are you doing?" — "What's up?" |
à¾ÃÒÐà˵ØäÃ | phrawH haehtL raiM | [questioning] ...for what reason? |
sample sentences | ¡Ô¹äÃÍÂÙè¹èÐ ginM raiM yuuL naF"What's that you are eating?" |
à¢Ò äÁè ·Ó§Ò¹ ¡ç ÁÔ à»ç¹ äà à¾ÃÒÐà¢Ò äÁèãªèÅÙ¡¨éÒ§ khaoR maiF thahmM ngaanM gawF miH bpenM raiM phrawH khaoR maiF chaiF luukF jaangFHe doesn’t work; however, it doesn’t matter because he is not an employee. |
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·ÓäÃÍÂÙè thahmM raiM yuuL"What are you doing?" |
äÁèà»ç¹äÃ maiF bpenM raiM"It doesn't matter." — "Never mind." — "You're welcome" — "Don't mention it." — "It's no big deal." |
äÁèà»ç¹äÃÂèÐ maiF bpenM raiM yaF"Nothing (is going on)." |
àÍÒäÃ aoM raiM"What do you want?" |
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3.  [adjective]
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| definition | (of gold, the sky, etc.) shining brightly; brilliant; magnficent
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| example | ¿éÒÊÇèÒ§àÃ×ͧäÃ | faaH saL waangL reuuangM raiM | the sky sines brilliantly |
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4.  [verb]
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| definition | to collect donations
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| example | àÃÕèÂäÃà§Ô¹ | riiaF raiM ngernM | to collect donations |
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5.  [noun]
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| definition | parting line around a topknot of hair
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| example | äüÁ | raiM phohmR | parting line around a topknot of hair |
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6. ¡ÃÐäà graL raiM [adverb, ancient]
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| definition | what
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sample sentence | à¢ÒÇèÒ¡ÃÐäÃ khaoR waaF graL raiM[an old-fashioned way of asking] "What did he say?" |
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7. ¡ÃÐäà graL raiM [auxiliary verb, ancient]
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| definition | to find it embarrassing (to do something); needing to save face
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sample sentence | ©Ñ¹¨Ð»¯Ôàʸ仡ç´Ù¡ÃÐäÃÍÂÙè chanR jaL bpaL dtiL saehtL bpaiM gawF duuM graL raiM yuuL"It would be rude for me to refuse." |
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8. ¡ÃÐäà graL raiM [adverb, ancient]
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| definition | [of a characteristic, condition, state, stage or method in general] why, how, what
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sample sentences | |
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9. ¡ÃÐäà graL raiM [interjection, ancient]
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| definition | [a word that follows adjectives or adverbs and emphasizes them (a kind of interjection), as in] "what a..."; "how..."
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sample sentences | |
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10.  à·èÒäà thaoF raiM [adverb]
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| definition | ...how much?
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| notes | à·èÒäËÃè is the alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of this word. However, à·èÒäà might be heard more frequently in the western region provinces of Thailand, Petchaburi, Ratchaburi, and Nakorn Pathom, for example. |
| synonym | ¡ÕèÁÒ¡¹éÍÂ | geeL maakF naawyH | how much; how many |
| related word | à·èÒäËÃè  | thaoF raiL | [alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of] à·èÒäà ("How much?" or "How many?") |
| examples | ¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇà·èÒäÃ | khwaamM yaaoM thaoF raiM | [of time or geometric length] "How long?" |
...ÍÒÂØà·èÒäÃ  | aaM yooH thaoF raiM | how old is...? How old are...? "What's your age?" |
sample sentences | ¡ÔàÅʤ¹¶Áà·èÒäáçäÁèàµçÁ giL laehtF khohnM thohmR thaoF raiM gawF maiF dtemM"A human's greed can never be fulfilled." |
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¤Ø³à¡Ô´Çѹ·Õèà·èÒäÃ khoonM geertL wanM theeF thaoF raiM"When is your birthday?" |
¤Ø³µéͧ¡ÒÃà·èÒääÃѺ khoonM dtaawngF gaanM thaoF raiM khrapH[spoken by male] "How many do you want?" |
¤Ø³ÍÒÂØà·èÒäÃ khoonM aaM yooH thaoF raiM"How old are you?" |
¹Õèà·èÒäÃ? neeF thaoF raiM"How much is this?" |
ºéÒ¹ËÅѧãËèàÅ¢·Õèà·èÒäÃ baanF langR yaiL laehkF theeF thaoF raiM"What is the number of the big house?" |
»Ä¨©ÒÇÔàÈÉ³ì ¤×Í ¤ÓÇÔàÈɳì·Õè»ÃСͺà¹×éͤÇÒÁ·Õèà»ç¹¤Ó¶ÒÁ ËÃ×ͤÇÒÁʧÊÑ àªè¹ ã´ ä˹ äà ¡Õè ÍÐäà ·ÓäÁ ©Ñ¹ã´ àªè¹äà äËÁ Íѹ㴠ÍÂèÒ§äà à·èÒäà ä ËÃ×ÍË¹Í ÏÅÏ bpritL chaaR wiH saeht[n]L kheuuM khahmM wiH saeht[n]L theeF bpraL gaawpL neuuaH khwaamM theeF bpenM khahmM thaamR reuuR khwaamM sohngR saiR chehnF daiM naiR raiM geeL aL raiM thahmM maiM chanR daiM chehnF raiM maiR anM daiM yaangL raiM thaoF raiM yaiM reuuR naawR “Interrogative modifier” is a modifier which is part of a question sentence structure or a structure indicating doubt, for example, “whichever,” “which,” “what,” “how many,” “what,” “why,” “why,” “how,” “(interrogatory),” “whichever,” “which way,” “how many,” “why,” “or what,” etc. Examples are: |
ä»à»ç¹ÅÙ¡¨éÒ§à¢Ò·Ó§Ò¹ä´éäÁèà·èÒäÃ䢡êÍ¡àÊÕÂáÅéÇËÃ×Í bpaiM bpenM luukF jaangF khaoR thahmM ngaanM daiF maiF thaoF raiM khaiR gaawkH siiaR laaeoH reuuR"You have been working for him for only a little while and you're going to quit already?" |
ä»ÅÓ»Ò§â´Âöä¿ãªéàÇÅÒ¹Ò¹à·èÒääÃѺ bpaiM lahmM bpaangM dooyM rohtH faiM chaiH waehM laaM naanM thaoF raiM khrapH"How long does it take to get to Lampang by train?" |
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ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÍÕ¡à·èÒäÃ maakF gwaaL eekL thaoF raiM"How much more?" |
äÁèªÍºà·èÒäÃ maiF chaawpF thaoF raiM"I don't like it that much." — "I don't like it so much." |
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Çѹ¹ÕéÇѹ·Õèà·èÒääÐ wanM neeH wanM theeF thaoF raiM khaH[spoken by female] "What is the date today?" |
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11.  à¾Õ§äà phiiangM raiM [adverb]
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| definition | how many
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| related words | á¤èä˹  | khaaeF naiR | [an inquiry about quantity, as in] "how far?" — "how much?" — etc. [a colloquial variation of à¾Õ§äà used in both written and spoken Thai] |
à¾Õ§ã´ | phiiangM daiM | [alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of à¾Õ§äÃ, used in written Thai] |
sample sentences | |
äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà¨çºÊÑ¡à¾Õ§äà ©Ñ¹¡ç¨Ñ¡½×¹·¹ maiF waaF jaL jepL sakL phiiangM raiM chanR gawF jakL feuunR thohnM"No matter how painful it would be, I would endure." |
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12.  àÁ×èÍäà meuuaF raiM [adverb]
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| definition | [used in a question] when
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| notes | àÁ×èÍäËÃè is the alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of this word |
| related word | àÁ×èÍäËÃè  | meuuaF raiL | [alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of] àÁ×èÍäà (when) |
| examples | áµèä˹áµèäÃÁÒ | dtaaeL naiR dtaaeL raiM maaM | always; at all times; all along |
àÁ×èÍäáçä´é  | meuuaF raiM gawF daiF | any time; whenever |
sample sentences | ¨ÐÊè§ä´éàÁ×èÍäÃ jaL sohngL daiF meuuaF raiM"When can you send it?" |
¶éÒà¢ÒÁÒàÁ×èÍäà â»Ã´ºÍ¡¼Á´éÇÂ thaaF khaoR maaM meuuaF raiM bprohtL baawkL phohmR duayF"Please inform me if and when he comes." |
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13. ÃÓäà rahmM raiM [adjective, adverb]
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| definition | dimly; indistinctly; dim; indistinct; faint
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| related word | ÃÓ  | rahmM | [euphonious prefix for ÃÓäÃ] |
| example | ¾Í¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÃÓäÃ | phaawM jaL henR daiF rahmM raiM | faintly visible |
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14. ÍÂèÒ§äà yaangL raiM [adverb]
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| definition | like what; anyhow; how?
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| notes | Âѧä§ is the alternate, colloquial spelling and pronounciation of this word |
| related words | Âѧä§  | yangM ngaiM | [a colloquial way of saying] "how?" or "in what way?" |
ä§  | ngaiM | [colloquial shortening of] Âѧä§  |
| examples | áµè¶Ö§ÍÂèÒ§äÃ  | dtaaeL theungR yaangL raiM | nevertheless |
¶Ö§¨ÐÍÂèÒ§äÃ | theungR jaL yaangL raiM | however; anyhow; nevertheless; notwithstanding |
à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äúéÒ§  | bpenM yaangL raiM baangF | "How's it going?" — "How do you feel?" — "How do you do?" — "What's up?" |
à¾ÃÒÐà˵ØÍÂèÒ§äÃ | phrawH haehtL yaangL raiM | [questioning] ...whyfore? |
ÍÂèÒ§äáç´Õ  | yaangL raiM gawF deeM | anyhow |
ÍÂèÒ§äáçä´é  | yaangL raiM gawF daiF | any way, any way will do, whatever, in whichever way or means |
ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ  | yaangL raiM gawF dtaamM | anyhow; anyway; however; after all; but; still; though; nonetheless; nevertheless; notwithstanding |
sample sentences | |
à¢ÒÃÙéÊÖ¡ÍÖ´ÍÑ´ áµèäÁèÃÙéÇèҨзÓÍÂèÒ§äõèÍä»´Õ khaoR ruuH seukL eutL atL dtaaeL maiF ruuH waaF jaL thahmM yaangL raiM dtaawL bpaiM deeM"He felt uncomfortable and was quite at a loss to know what to do next." |
¤¹¸ÃÃÁ´ÒÍÂèÒ§àÃÒ¨ÐÃÙé¡®ºÑµÃ¡®ËÁÒÂä´éÍÂèÒ§äà khohnM thamM maH daaM yaangL raoM jaL ruuH gohtL bat[r]L gohtL maayR daiF yaangL raiM"How can common people like us understand (all these) laws?" |
¤Ø³¤Ô´ÍÂèÒ§äáѺâ»Ãà¨ç¤µì¹Õé khoonM khitH yaangL raiM gapL bprohM jek[d]L neeH"What do you think about this project?" |
¤Ø³¨ÐÇèÒÍÂèÒ§äÃ khoonM jaL waaF yaangL raiM"What or how do you feel or think about that?" — "What will you say?" |
¤Ø³ªÍº»ÃÐà·È¢Í§àÃÒÍÂèÒ§äÃ khoonM chaawpF bpraL thaehtF khaawngR raoM yaangL raiM"How do you like our country?" |
©Ñ¹äÁèÃÙéÇèÒ¨Ðà´Ô¹ä»¢éҧ˹éÒä´éÍÂèÒ§ä÷ء¢ìÃзÁ¢Á¢×è¹ËÁ´¡ÓÅѧ㨠chanR maiF ruuH waaF jaL deernM bpaiM khaangF naaF daiF yaangL raiM thook[k]H raH thohmM khohmR kheuunL mohtL gahmM langM jaiM"I don’t know how I will be able to go forward (when) I am suffering from such depression and I lack the will (to live)." |
·Ø¡½èÒ¡ÓÅѧ¤é¹ËÒÊÒà˵ØÇèÒà¡Ô´à˵ءÒóìÍØ¡ÍÒ¨¹Õé¢Öé¹ÁÒä´éÍÂèÒ§äà thookH faayL gahmM langM khohnH haaR saaR haehtL waaF geertL haehtL gaan[n]M ookL aatL neeH kheunF maaM daiF yaangL raiM"Each faction is looking into the reason why something this brazen and offensive could have come about." |
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¼Å¨ÐÍÍ¡ÁÒÍÂèÒ§äõéͧÇèҡѹ仵ÒÁ¾ÂÒ¹ËÅÑ¡°Ò¹ phohnR jaL aawkL maaM yaangL raiM dtaawngF waaF ganM bpaiM dtaamM phaH yaanM lakL thaanR"Whatever results emerge will depend on the evidence." |
ÁվĵԡÃÃÁÍÂèÒ§äÃ㹡ÒÃʡѴ¡Ñé¹¾Ãä¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ áµèäÁèãªèÁÒãªé¡®ËÁÙèá·¹¡®ËÁÒ meeM phriH dtiL gamM yaangL raiM naiM gaanM saL gatL ganF phakH gaanM meuuangM dtaaeL maiF chaiF maaM chaiH gohtL muuL thaaenM gohtL maayR"Whatever behavior is used in obstructing political parties, we will not allow the use of mob rule in place of the law." |
àÃ×èͧà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ reuuangF geertL kheunF yaangL raiM"How did that happen?" |
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15. µÑÇäà dtuaaM raiM [proper noun]
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| definition | mallophaga; chicken mite; biting lice
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